Expression variation of OGG1 and HPRT gene and DNA damage in arsenic exposed industrial workers

Arsenic exposure alters redox balance, induces DNA damage, and deregulates many genes. OGG1 gene involved in base repair mechanism, for excision of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) from DNA formed as a result of accumulation of ROS in cell. HPRT gene encode transferase enzymes involved in purine recycling mechanism. The main focus of the study was to evaluate the expression variation in HPRT, OGG1 gene expression, and DNA damage of industrial workers. Blood samples of 300 occupational workers were collected from welding, brick kiln, furniture, pesticide, and paint industry (n = 60/industry) to evaluate the expression variation in HPRT, OGG1 gene expression, and DNA damage in blood cells by comet assay along with age and gender matched 300 control individuals. Blood arsenic content was higher (P\u3c0.001) in an industrial group compared to the control. OGG1 and HPRT expression were (P\u3c0.05) downregulated in exposed workers compared to controls. Spearman correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between HPRT vs OGG1 (P\u3c 0.0001) in exposed workers compared to controls. Altered expression of both genes was observed between workers with \u3c25years and \u3e25years of age as well as between workers with \u3c10years and \u3e10year exposure. Reduced expression (P\u3c0.05) of both genes and a high extent of DNA damage was evident in exposed smokers compared to respective non-smokers. DNA fragmentation was higher (P\u3c0.05) in the furniture, welding and brick kiln group compared to control, and other industries. The present study suggests that altered expression of OGG1 and HPRT gene induce oxidative stress, showed a negative impact on the recycling of purines leading to DNA damage which increase the vulnerability of workers to carcinogenicity

Fructose Metabolism and Its Effect on Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption Patients: A Literature Review

Glucose-galactose malabsorption is a rare inherited autosomal recessive genetic defect. A mutation in the glucose sodium-dependent transporter-1 gene will alter the transportation and absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine. The defect in the SGLT-1 leads to unabsorbed galactose, glucose, and sodium, which stay in the intestine, leading to dehydration and hyperosmotic diarrhea. Often, glucose-galactose malabsorption patients are highly dependent on fructose, their primary source of carbohydrates. This study aims to investigate all published studies on congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption and fructose malabsorption. One hundred published studies were assessed for eligibility in this study, and thirteen studies were identified and reviewed. Studies showed that high fructose consumption has many health effects and could generate life-threatening complications. None of the published studies included in this review discussed or specified the side effects of fructose consumption as a primary source of carbohydrates in congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption patients

Sleep Duration, Body Mass Index, and Dietary Behaviour among KSU Students

Background: Adolescents who receive an adequate amount of sleep benefit from a positive health status. Previous studies have documented several health consequences connected with obesity as well as short sleep duration among adolescents. Poor sleep quality with obesity and uncontrolled diet can lead to chronic diseases in the future. This study aimed to examine the link between eating habits, sleep duration, and body mass index (BMI) among King Saud University (KSU) students. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted from February to May 2021 on 311 recruited students (male and female) of KSU premises. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was used to describe sleep duration linked with a dietary pattern that included fruit and vegetable intake. The questionnaire consists of two sections of 15 and 10 questions each. The questionnaire was created using the Google Forms tool and distributed through social media platforms like Twitter and WhatsApp. The obtained data was transferred into excel to perform the statistical analysis. Results: The mean total of students who participated in this study was 21.45 ± 23.11. Female students (72.3%) were actively involved in this study. About 30.2% of students were found to be overweight and obese. Around 67.8% of students had insufficient sleep, 32.2% had adequate sleep, and over 70% of students fell asleep within 30 min of going to bed. A total of 71.7% of students showed good sleep quality, whereas 28.3% reported poor sleep quality. BMI was categorized into four groups: 17.7% of individuals were underweight, 52.1% were of normal weight threshold, 20.6% were overweight, and 9.6% were obese. On a regular basis, 12.5% of students consume vegetables and 6.4% fruits daily. The results of this study show that only 8% of students eat breakfast, whereas 62.1% eat lunch, and 29.9% eat dinner. Conclusion: This study concludes that short sleep duration was associated with obesity among KSU students. This association was also found between sleep duration and dietary factors, specifically in the consumption of fruits and vegetables in terms of eating behaviour

Effects of ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and cancer: A literature review

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that is primarily used to treat childhood epilepsy. The processes through which the ketogenic diet works, on the other hand, have been proposed as a preventative method for oxidative stress and as adjuvant therapy for various disorders, including cancer. The current review aim is to assess the effect of the ketogenic diet on oxidative stress and cancer. A review of the scientific literature on the effects of the ketogenic diet on oxidative stress, cancer, and the mitochondrial metabolism is provided. Furthermore, the review depicts the human research that evaluated the anti-tumour benefits of ketogenic diets on patients with cancer, with a total of 154 subjects. Although preclinical research indicates that KD has anticancer benefits, prolongs longevity, and inhibits cancer growth, human clinical trials are inconclusive. The effects of KD on cancer and as an adjuvant treatment are mostly unclear due to a paucity of high-quality clinical research. We suggest a series of research recommendations for clinical trials exploring the impact of KD on cancer growth and progression

Diosmetin alleviates nonylphenol-induced liver damage by improving biochemical, inflammatory, apoptotic and histological profile in rats

Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental pollutant that is recognized for its hazardous effects on humans and animals. NP has potential to induce oxidative stress that leads to hepatic toxicity. Diosmetin (DIOS) is a naturally occurring bioflavonoid that possesses several biological properties. The current study was designed to ascertain the curative effects of DIOS against NP prompted hepatotoxicity in rats. 32 male albino rats were randomly categorized in 4 groups i.e., control (0.1 % DMSO), NP (50 mg/kg), NP + DIOS (50 mg/kg + 100 mg/kg) and DIOS (100 mg/kg) group. Our results revealed that NP instigated substantial reduction in the antioxidant enzymes activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione (GSH). NP administration raised the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment with DIOS significantly (p < 0.05) recovered activities of antioxidant enzymes, ROS, and TBARS levels. Furthermore, DIOS treatment ameliorated the NP-induced increased level of inflammatory markers i.e., nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. In addition, DIOS co-treatment also recovered the NP-provoked escalated levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9) and substantially reduced level of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) to normal levels. Besides, DIOS treatment recovered the potential histopathological damages in liver tissues. Therefore, DIOS might be an effective therapeutic agent for alleviating NP-induced hepatic toxicity due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potential

Prevention of Testicular Damage by Indole Derivative MMINA via Upregulated StAR and CatSper Channels with Coincident Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: In Silico and In Vivo Validation

Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) is a widely used antineoplastic agent with numerous associated side effects. We investigated the mechanisms of action of the indole derivative N’-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)-2-1-(4-(methylsulfinyl) benzylidene)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1H-inden-3-yl) acetohydrazide (MMINA) to protect against CDDP-induced testicular damage. Five groups of rats (n = 7) were treated with saline, DMSO, CDDP, CDDP + MMINA, or MMINA. Reproductive hormones, antioxidant enzyme activity, histopathology, daily sperm production, and oxidative stress markers were examined. Western blot analysis was performed to access the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and inflammatory biomarker expression in testis, while expression of calcium-dependent cation channel of sperm (CatSper) in epididymis was examined. The structural and dynamic molecular docking behavior of MMINA was analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The construction of molecular interactions was performed through KEGG, DAVID, and STRING databases. MMINA treatment reversed CDDP-induced nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) augmentation, while boosting the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the epididymis and testicular tissues. CDDP treatment significantly lowered sperm count, sperm motility, and epididymis sperm count. Furthermore, CDDP reduced epithelial height and tubular diameter and increased luminal diameter with impaired spermatogenesis. MMINA rescued testicular damage caused by CDDP. MMINA rescued CDDP-induced reproductive dysfunctions by upregulating the expression of the CatSper protein, which plays an essential role in sperm motility, MMINA increased testosterone secretion and StAR protein expression. MMINA downregulated the expression of NF-κB, STAT-3, COX-2, and TNF-α. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were predicted between MMINA and 3β-HSD, CatSper, NF-κβ, and TNFα. Molecular interactome outcomes depicted the formation of one hydrogen bond and one hydrophobic interaction between 3β-HSD that contributed to its strong binding with MMINA. CatSper also made one hydrophobic interaction and one hydrogen bond with MMINA but with a lower binding affinity of -7.7 relative to 3β-HSD, whereas MMINA made one hydrogen bond with NF-κβ residue Lys37 and TNF-α reside His91 and two hydrogen bonds with Lys244 and Thr456 of STAT3. Our experimental and in silico results revealed that MMINA boosted the antioxidant defense mechanism, restored the levels of fertility hormones, and suppressed histomorphological alterations

Data_Sheet_1_Acute impact of light at night and exogenous melatonin on subjective appetite and plasma leptin.docx

This study investigates the possible effect of exogenous melatonin on appetite control by investigating plasma leptin and subjective appetite parameters. Nine healthy male participants [26 ± 1.3 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2] (mean ± SD) were recruited. The study was designed as a randomized three-way cross-over design; light (>500 lux) (LS), dark (500 lux) + exogenous melatonin (LSC), with an interval of at least 7 days between each session. Each session started at 18:00 h and ended at 06:00 h the following day. Participants were awake and in a semi-recumbent position during each clinical session. The meal times were individualized according to melatonin onset from 48 h sequential urine collection, whereas melatonin intake was given 90 min before the evening meal. Subjective appetite parameters were collected at 30 min intervals during each session. Plasma leptin was collected at specific time points to analyze pre-prandial and postprandial leptin. Subjective hunger and desire to eat were reported higher in LS than DSC and LSC (P = 0.03, and P = 0.001). Plasma leptin showed a significant increase in LSC and DSC (p = 0.007). This study suggested a positive impact of exogenous melatonin on subjective appetite and plasma leptin.</p

Stabilization of Vitamin D in Pea Protein Isolate Nanoemulsions Increases Its Bioefficacy in Rats

Micronutrient delivery formulations based on nanoemulsions can enhance the absorption of nutrients and bioactives, and thus, are of great potential for food fortification and supplementation strategies. The aim was to evaluate the bioefficacy of vitamin D (VitD) encapsulated in nanoemulsions developed by sonication and pH-shifting of pea protein isolate (PPI) in restoring VitD status in VitD-deficient rats. Weaned male albino rats (n = 35) were fed either normal diet AIN-93G (VitD 1000 IU/kg) (control group; n = 7) or a VitD-deficient diet (&lt;50 IU/kg) for six weeks (VitD-deficient group; n = 28). VitD-deficient rats were divided into four subgroups (n = 7/group). Nano-VitD and Oil-VitD groups received a dose of VitD (81 &micro;g) dispersed in either PPI-nanoemulsions or in canola oil, respectively, every other day for one week. Their control groups, Nano-control and Oil-control, received the respective delivery vehicles without VitD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)VitD], parathyroid hormone (PTH), Ca, P, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured. After one week of treatment, the VitD-deficient rats consuming Nano-VitD recovered from Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) as compared against baseline and had serum 25(OH)VitD higher than the Nano-control. Enhancement in VitD status was followed with expected changes in serum PTH, Ca, P, and ALP levels, as compared against the controls. Stabilization of VitD within PPI-based nanoemulsions enhances its absorption and restores its status and biomarkers of bone resorption in VitD-deficient rats

Fluorescence photomicrograph of blood lymphocytes from control and furniture group stained with Acridine Orange after processed through Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet assay).

Fluorescence photomicrograph of blood lymphocytes from control and furniture group stained with Acridine Orange after processed through Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet assay).</p

Fig 6 -

Deposition of metal content (arsenic, lead, cadmium) in blood samples of occupationally exposed workers of different industries (A). Calculated regression line showing metal deposition in control and exposed workers ((b = 2.718 ± 0.01367; F (1,2) = 39521; P = 0.0032) (B). Association of arsenic content with different parameters of comet assay (C). ***P<0.001.</p