Results of linear mixed-effects model analyses predicting trait-independent complementarity effects (TICE), trait-dependent complementarity effects (TDCE) or dominance effects (DE) from trait-based predictors.

<p>Results of linear mixed-effects model analyses predicting trait-independent complementarity effects (TICE), trait-dependent complementarity effects (TDCE) or dominance effects (DE) from trait-based predictors.</p

Species pools of the biodiversity experiment.

<p>Listed are studied species and taxonomy, growth height [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158110#pone.0158110.ref064" target="_blank">64</a>], assignment to functional groups (grasses or forbs), different growth statures (small or tall), and species pools.</p

Species—level relative yields (RYs).

<p>Shown are means (± 1 SE) across communities of different species richness and grown at varying resource availability. The threshold for greater biomass production of a species in the mixtures than expected from its monoculture (RY > 1) is indicated with a dotted line. Results of overall tests for RY ≠ 1 for each species are indicated with * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 and *** p ≤ 0.001. Different letters indicate significant differences among species in their RYs. Hatched bars = forbs, open bars = grasses; filled bars = small-statured species, unfilled bars = tall-statured species.</p

Effects of resource availability on (a) relative yield totals (RYT), and (b) D_max.

<p>Shown are means (± 1 SE) across two- and four-species mixtures per resource treatment. Treatments manipulating resource availability are abbreviated with: F-S- = no fertilization, no shading, F-S+ = no fertilization, shading, F+S- = fertilization, no shading, and F+S+ = fertilization, shading. Results of tests for overall means of RYT ≠ 1 and D_max ≠ 0, respectively, for each resource treatment are indicated for different levels of significance with * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 and *** p ≤ 0.001. Levels of significance from linear mixed effects models (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158110#pone.0158110.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>) for effects of shade, fertilization and their interaction are given in the upper right corner.</p

Summary of linear mixed-effects model analyses for community biomass production, relative yield totals (RYT), transgressive overyielding (D_max), net diversity effects (NE), trait-independent complementarity effects (TICE), trait-dependent complementarity effects (TDCE) and dominance effects (DE).

<p>Plant communities of different species richness, functional group and growth stature composition were grown at different levels of resource availability manipulating light supply by shading and nutrient supply by fertilization.</p

Effects of resource availability on (a) net diversity effects (NE), (b) trait-independent complementarity effects (TICE), (c) trait-dependent complementarity effects (TDCE) and (d) dominance effects (DE).

<p>Shown are means (± 1 SE) across two- and four-species mixtures per resource treatment. Treatments manipulating resource availability are abbreviated with: F-S- = no fertilization, no shading, F-S+ = no fertilization, shading, F+S- = fertilization, no shading, and F+S+ = fertilization, shading. Results of tests for overall means of diversity effects ≠ 0 for each resource treatment are indicated for different levels of significance with * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01 and *** p ≤ 0.001. Levels of significance from linear mixed effects models (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158110#pone.0158110.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>) for effects of shade, fertilization and their interaction are given in the upper right corner.</p

Effects of resource availability on aboveground biomass production in communities of different species richness.

<p>Values are means (± 1 SE) per resource treatment and species-richness level. Values are staggered along the x-axis for enhanced clarity. Treatments manipulating resource availability are abbreviated with: F-S- = no fertilization, no shading, F-S+ = no fertilization, shading, F+S- = fertilization, no shading, and F+S+ = fertilization, shading.</p