Correlation analysis of the skull and long bone measurements of the dog

In this study, a heterogeneous population of 42 dogs was examined for correlation between skull and long bone measurements. For this purpose, 17 craniometric measurements were carried out and used to calculate 12 indices and ratios. These indices and ratios were then subjected to a correlation analysis with long bone measurements. While a high significant negative correlation of p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively was found for skull, cranial and facial I1, 12, LLI-2, BI and BI-1 indices, and the CFO and CFO-1 ratios respectively with respect to the non-indexed long bone measurements, a high positive correlation was found to exist between those indices and ratios, and the long bone indices (p < 0.01). The correlation coefficients for the skull indices and ratios to long bone measurements proved to be very similar for the long bones of front and hind legs. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was found that with an increase in skull tendency towards the dolichocephalic type, the long bone parameters also increase, while with the skull tending towards the brachycephalic type, the long bone parameters decrease. This finding of a long bone-related increase in dimensions and morphological skull expression favours the assumption of a close relation to the skull typology

The relationship between morphometric and long bone measurements of the Morkaraman sheep

In this study, a total of 40 adult female Morkaraman sheep, a local Turkish breed, were used. After taking their body measurements and carcass weights, the meat was cut off the bones; the skeletal bones were then removed, macerated and every long bone weighed. Thereafter, morphometric measurements of the long bones were taken. The coefficients obtained from the correlation of osteometric measurements and morphological data were in general low (r < 0.600), though certain relationships were found to be significant. Regression of morphological variables on osteometric measurements was statistically significant. By this, regression formulas were obtained which can contribute to predict the visible morphology in zooarchaeological studies. Length measurements would be more suitable for predicting shoulder height than using width measurements of the long bone. On the other hand, body and carcass weights and chest circle would be determined more efficiently by measuring the width of long bones (Bp, Bd, SD). Furthermore, the humero-femoral index formula can be used to identify sheep in an archaeological bone collection of several animals

Anatomical features of the syrinx in sea gulls

The syrinx of four sea gulls (Larus spp.) weighing 395-520 g were examined. The syrinx was a tracheobronchial type formed by the bronchosyringeal cartilages (cartilagines bronchosyringeales) and the tracheosyringeal cartilages (cartilagines tracheosyringeales). Five tracheosyringeal cartilages were fused completely and shaped tympanum. Bronchosyringeal cartilages were formed from 7-C shaped cartilage rings. Lateral and medial tympaniform membrane's which are important for vocalization were observed. The lateral tympaniform membrane was observed between 1st and 2nd cartilage rings of bronchosyringeales. Medial tympaniform membrane was placed between the pessulus and 7th bronchosyringeal cartilages. The interbronchial ligament (ligamentum interbronchiale) connects the left and right primary bronchi at the terminal part of the medial tympaniform membrane. Foramen interbronchiale was situated between the medial tympaniform membrane, pessulus and interbronchial ligament. The tracheolateral muscle (m. tracheolateralis) was attached to the 1st bronchosyringeal cartilages. Similarities and differences of syrinx between sea gulls and other avian species were determined in this study