248 research outputs found
Trace Elements in the Human Milk
Human breast milk is considered to be the perfect food for infants, specifically adapted to their needs. Before birth, the mother transfers all the nutrients and bioactive components to the fetus through the placenta. After birth, these substances have to be transferred through colostrum and milk. In particular, human breast milk is supposed to provide all the essential trace elements that are required by the normal term newborn infant. Therefore, the composition of human breast milk and its changes during lactation is a topic of major importance and has been the subject for intensive research. Conversely, human milk can also be a transfer medium of undesirable (toxic) elements from the mother to the infant. An extensive review of the most recent literature was carried out focusing on the current trace elements levels and their changes during lactation. For several elements, there is a consistent knowledge of their characteristic concentrations throughout the various stages of lactation, their dependence on maternal nutritional status, inter-individual and geographical variability, metabolic pathways, inter-elemental relationships, and effects on child development. For many other elements, this knowledge does not exist or is quite limited
Two Experimental Approaches of Looking at Buoyancy
In our teaching practice, we find that a large number of first-year university physics and chemistry students exhibit some difficulties with applying Newton's third law to fluids because they think fluids do not react to forces. (c) 2013 American Association of Physics Teachers
Chemical safety of children's play paints: Focus on selected heavy metals
Children's play paints are widely used as didactic products in preschool activities. Besides direct skin contact, a great risk of oral exposure exists during its normal and foreseeable use. Due to the ubiquitous nature of most metals, their presence as impurities in all products is recognized as unavoidable. However, the toxic potential of most of them requires that their levels are kept as low as possible.
The present study aimed to assess the content of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu and Zn) in âartist paintsâ (n = 54) and âface paintsâ (n = 12) commonly used in preschool establishments and available at low cost stores. Determinations were carried out by GFAAS (for Pb, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni) and FAAS (for Mn, Cu and Zn).
The levels obtained [mean ± SD (maximum)] were: 0.48 ± 0.44 (1.98) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Pb; 0.04 ± 0.04 (0.30) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Cd; 0.17 ± 0.20 (1.47) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Co; 1.36 ± 2.18 (9.40) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Cr; 0.63 ± 0.56 (3.10) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Ni; 19.8 ± 88.2 (718) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Mn; 108 ± 260 (1458) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Cu; and 130 ± 564 (3478) ÎŒg gâ 1 for Zn.
A safety assessment considering the estimated potential exposure and health-based limits (tolerable daily intakes) was performed. Overall, the results showed no reasons for safety concerns regarding the studied elements.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Magentically-Induced Lattice Distortions and Ferroelectricity in Magnetoelectric GdMnO3
In this work we investigate the magnetic field dependence of Ag octahedra
rotation (tilt) and B2g symmetric stretching modes frequency at different
temperatures. Our field-dependent Raman investigation at 10K is interpreted by
an ionic displacive nature of the magnetically induced ferroelectric phase
transition. The frequency change of the Ag tilt is in agreement with the
stabilization of the Mn-Gd spin arrangement, yielding the necessary conditions
for the onset of ferroelectricity on the basis of the inverse
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. The role of the Jahn-Teller cooperative
interaction is also evidenced by the change of the B2g mode frequency at the
ferroelectric phase transition. This frequency change allows estimating the
shift of the oxygen position at the ferroelectric phase transition and the
corresponding spontaneous polarization of 480 {\mu}C/m2, which agrees with
earlier reported values in single crystals. Our study also confirms the
existence of a large magnetic hysteresis at the lowest temperatures, which is a
manifestation of magnetrostiction.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Structural and insulator-to-metal phase transition at 50 GPa in GdMnO3
We present a study of the effect of very high pressure on the orthorhombic
perovskite GdMnO3 by Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron x-ray diffraction up to
53.2 GPa. The experimental results yield a structural and insulator-to-metal
phase transition close to 50 GPa, from an orthorhombic to a metrically cubic
structure. The phase transition is of first order with a pressure hysteresis of
about 6 GPa. The observed behavior under very high pressure might well be a
general feature in rare-earth manganites.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures and 2 table
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