Video vehicle detection at signalised junctions: a simulation-based study

Many existing advanced methods of traffic signal control depend on information about approaching traffic provided by inductive loop detectors at particular points in the road. But analysis of images from CCTV cameras can in principle provide more comprehensive information about traffic approaching and passing through junctions, and cameras may be easier to install and maintain than loop detectors, and some systems based on video detection have already been in use for some time. Against this background, computer simulation has been used to explore the potential of existing and immediately foreseeable capability in automatic on-line image analysis to extract information relevant to signal control from images provided by cameras mounted in acceptable positions at signal-controlled junctions. Some consequences of extracting relevant information in different ways were investigated in the context of an existing detailed simulation model of vehicular traffic moving through junctions under traffic-responsive signal control, and the development of one basic and one advanced algorithm for traffic-responsive control. The work was confined as a first step to operation of one very simple signalcontrolled junction. Two techniques for extraction of information from images were modelled - a more ambitious technique based on distinguishing most of the individual vehicles visible to the camera, and a more modest technique requiring only that the presence of vehicles in any part of the image be distinguished from the background scene. In the latter case, statistical modelling was used to estimate the number of vehicles corresponding to any single area of the image that represents vehicles rather than background. At the simple modelled junction, each technique of extraction enabled each of the algorithms for traffic-responsive control of the signals to achieve average delays per vehicle appreciably lower than those given by System D control, and possibly competitive with those that MOVA would give, but comparison with MOVA was beyond the scope of the initial study. These results of simulation indicate that image analysis of CCTV pictures should be able to provide sufficient information in practice for traffic-responsive control that is competitive with existing techniques. Ways in which the work could be taken further were discussed with practitioners, but have not yet been progressed

Large-Scale Experiments On Tsunami Inundation And Overtopping Forces At Vertical Sea Walls

Tsunami are very long gravity waves that may cause significant damage to coastal sea walls. The majority of relevant design codes and research papers that describe methods for predicting tsunami loads on coastal walls consider the scenario of transitory force from a bore-led wave. This does not relate to tsunami that do not form bore waves. Bore fronts generally cause short term spikes in force, which may have little effect on the vulnerability of massive structures. Post disaster accounts suggest that most coastal walls show damage that implies failure modes that occur over moderate to long durations. Therefore it is likely that the bore front assumption gives an overly conservative prediction of maximum force, and may not capture the full timescale of tsunami loading. This paper uses a pneumatic tsunami generation facility to determine the force loading on two vertical coastal sea walls during tsunami inundation. Two sea-wall models, 0.15 and 0.25 m high, with crown widths of 0.1 m (7.5 and 12.5 m at a nominal prototype scale of 1:50) are tested. It is shown that bore fronts only occur for short period waves over the bathymetry tested. Bore fronts cause a very short period spike in force, which is followed by a transitory force approximated by the hydrostatic pressure equation. The loading of tsunami length waves of periods $\geq$ 40 s (280 s prototype at 1:50 scale), which do not break is not greater than 1.2 times the hydrostatic force. Overtopping volume is positively correlated to the time duration of positive upstream head over the crest, rather than its maximum value. Overtopping causes a small increase in the horizontal load due to the addition of a drag and momentum load. The magnitude and time of these effects are small and short-lived in comparison to the hydrostatic load. The results compare well with available equations based on hydrostatic force and the engineer may apply a desired multiplying coefficient of a factor of at least 1.2 to account for any added pressure and momentum, and the factor of safety intended

From building blocks to programming: Investigating how best to integrate computational thinking into early years settings

This study aims to examine the different ways in which early years teachers lay solid foundations for computational thinking in the early years. Moreover, it aims to uncover the materials and activities that tend to run in the classroom background to promote computational thinking skills of children without being noticed as part of a daily routine. Therefore, it is designed to understand more about the attitudes of early childhood teachers towards computational thinking, the linkage between their attitudes and teaching practices, and the potential computational thinking benefits of children reaped from classroom games and activities

Teodorico Pedrini: The Music and Letters of an 18th-century Missionary in China

Peter Allsop and Joyce Lindorff originally intended to investigate the origin of Arcangelo Corelli’s influence on the sonatas of Teodorico Pedrini, a Vincentian who served in China’s imperial court from 1711 to 1746. He was at the center of the conflict over the Chinese Rites, which led to the suppression of the first Catholic mission to China. During their research, Allsop and Lindorff discovered a wealth of letters and diaries by or about Pedrini. His music and his capacity as court music master were “key to his unequalled intimacy with a succession of Chinese emperors.” Allsop and Lindorff review the past research on Pedrini, explore his relationship with Emperor Kangxi, and explain the importance of music and multiculturalism at court. Pedrini’s music is also discussed

Research activities arising from the University of Kent

In this paper I describe research activities in the field of optical fiber sensing undertaken by me after leaving the Applied Optics Group at the University of Kent. The main topics covered are long period gratings, neural network based signal processing, plasmonic sensors, and polymer fiber gratings. I also give a summary of my two periods of research at the University of Kent, covering 1985–1988 and 1991–2001

A Multiple Component Intervention to Assist Young Pregnant Smokers to Cease Smoking: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Study

Objective: Australian rates of cigarette smoking are the lowest in the world. Young pregnant smokers are a sub population where smoking remains high. This pilot study assessed the feasibility of a multi-component intervention (Carbon Monoxide testing, motivational interviewing and a non-smoking buddy) to assist young pregnant women to cease smoking. Methods: Between October 2013 and June 2015, this multi-centred West Australian study recruited pregnant smokers aged 16 to 24, attending their first antenatal visit. Women (n=80) were randomised to the intervention and standard smoking cessation advice (n=43) or standard smoking cessation advice alone (n=37). At 36 weeks gestation and six weeks post birth, cessation rates were compared between groups using repeated measures survival analysis and reduction in smoking was examined using repeated measures linear regression on the number of cigarettes smoked. Results: The majority (89%) of women were unemployed or not in education, used illicit drugs (43%) and had experienced sexual abuse (23%). Involvement with child protection services was common (38%). Cigarette initiation occurred at a mean age of 13 years, median number of cigarettes smoked at baseline was 10 in both groups. Smoking cessation in intervention and controls were 17% vs. 14% at 36 weeks and 23% vs. 7% 6 weeks post birth. No significant differences in cessation or smoking reduction between groups were found individually or in the repeated events analysis. Conclusion: Given the low number of participants our findings cannot conclusively rule out this multi-component intervention. We believe it remains possible this intervention may prove effective in a larger group of participants and in another setting. Monitoring trends in this vulnerable, difficult to engage group of pregnant young women is important if we are to continue to devise effective interventions

An Exploration of Young Australian Women's Smoking Cessation Goals across the Trajectory of Pregnancy and Post Birth

Objective: Young pregnant women are more likely than other pregnant women to smoke tobacco during pregnancy and post birth. This study explored young women’s perceptions of the factors which impact their smoking cessation goals throughout pregnancy and post birth. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study was performed at two metropolitan obstetric hospitals in Western Australia. Forty three women aged 16 to 24 years old who reported smoking tobacco at their first antenatal visit were interviewed at each scheduled antenatal visit and every two weeks up to six weeks post birth. Interviews were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: A total of 244 interviews were performed; a mean of six interviews per woman (four in pregnancy and two post birth). Four overarching themes across three time periods were identified: the baby; the social bond of smoking; the chaotic nature of life; and access to social support. Pregnant women had a foetus-centric approach to cessation. Post birth those who sustained cessation held this belief for their newborn, whilst those who relapsed did not. The social bond of smoking highlighted smoking as the norm. Initially, women sought out non-smokers to support them. A partner’s smoking status post birth appeared pivotal to remaining tobacco free. The chaotic nature of life, reflected through multiple stressful, negative events, challenged women in achieving their smoking cessation goals. Women who sought social support appeared to stay smoke free post birth. Conclusion: The longitudinal nature of this study provides new insight into complex issues faced by this marginalised group of young, pregnant, tobacco smokers throughout the journey of pregnancy and post birth. Findings enhance our understanding of the complex real life issues some young pregnant Australian smokers face and may be considered when women focused smoking cessation interventions are developed