Fatty Acid Cysteamine Conjugates as Novel and Potent Autophagy Activators That Enhance the Correction of Misfolded F508del-Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)

A depressed autophagy has previously been reported in cystic fibrosis patients with the common F508del-CFTR mutation. This report describes the synthesis and preliminary biological characterization of a novel series of autophagy activators involving fatty acid cysteamine conjugates. These molecular entities were synthesized by first covalently linking cysteamine to docosahexaenoic acid. The resulting conjugate <b>1</b> synergistically activated autophagy in primary homozygous F508del-CFTR human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells at submicromolar concentrations. When conjugate <b>1</b> was used in combination with the corrector lumacaftor and the potentiator ivacaftor, it showed an additive effect, as measured by the increase in the chloride current in a functional assay. In order to obtain a more stable form for oral dosing, the sulfhydryl group in conjugate <b>1</b> was converted into a functionalized disulfide moiety. The resulting conjugate <b>5</b> is orally bioavailable in the mouse, rat, and dog and allows a sustained delivery of the biologically active conjugate <b>1</b>

Synthesis and Characterization of Fatty Acid Conjugates of Niacin and Salicylic Acid

This report describes the synthesis and preliminary biological characterization of novel fatty acid niacin conjugates and fatty acid salicylate conjugates. These molecular entities were created by covalently linking two bioactive molecules, either niacin or salicylic acid, to an omega-3 fatty acid. This methodology allows the simultaneous intracellular delivery of two bioactives in order to elicit a pharmacological response that could not be replicated by administering the bioactives individually or in combination. The fatty acid niacin conjugate <b>5</b> has been shown to be an inhibitor of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism proteins such as PCSK9, HMG-CoA reductase, ATP citrate lyase, and NPC1L1. On the other hand, the fatty acid salicylate conjugate <b>11</b> has been shown to have a unique anti-inflammatory profile based on its ability to modulate the NF-κB pathway through the intracellular release of the two bioactives