10 research outputs found
Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Arylstannanes with [<sup>18</sup>F]KF
A copper-mediated nucleophilic radiofluorination
of aryl- and vinylstannanes
with [<sup>18</sup>F]KF is described. This method is fast, uses commercially
available reagents, and is compatible with both electron-rich and
electron-deficient arene substrates. This method has been applied
to the manual synthesis of a variety of clinically relevant radiotracers
including protected [<sup>18</sup>F]F-phenylalanine and [<sup>18</sup>F]F-DOPA. In addition, an automated synthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]MPPF
is demonstrated that delivers a clinically validated dose of 200 ±
20 mCi with a high specific activity of 2400 ± 900 Ci/mmol
Copper(II)-Mediated [<sup>11</sup>C]Cyanation of Arylboronic Acids and Arylstannanes
A copper-mediated
method for the transformation of diverse arylboron
compounds and arylstannanes to aryl-[<sup>11</sup>C]-nitriles is reported.
This method is operationally simple, uses commercially available reagents,
and is compatible with a wide variety of substituted aryl- and heteroaryl
substrates. This method is applied to the automated synthesis of high
specific activity [<sup>11</sup>C]perampanel in 10% nondecay-corrected
radiochemical yield (RCY)
Cu-Mediated C–H <sup>18</sup>F‑Fluorination of Electron-Rich (Hetero)arenes
This communication describes a method
for the nucleophilic radiofluorination
of electron-rich arenes. The reaction involves the initial C(sp<sup>2</sup>)–H functionalization of an electron-rich arene with
MesI(OH)OTs to form a (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salt. This salt is then
used in situ in a Cu-mediated radiofluorination with [<sup>18</sup>F]KF. This approach leverages the stability and availability of electron-rich
arene starting materials to enable mild late-stage radiofluorination
of toluene, anisole, aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene derivatives.
The radiofluorination has been automated to access a 41 mCi dose of
an <sup>18</sup>F-labeled nimesulide derivative in high (2800 ±
700 Ci/mmol) specific activity
Synthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]Arenes via the Copper-Mediated [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluorination of Boronic Acids
A copper-mediated
radiofluorination of aryl- and vinylboronic acids
with K<sup>18</sup>F is described. This method exhibits high functional
group tolerance and is effective for the radiofluorination of a range
of electron-deficient, -neutral, and -rich aryl-, heteroaryl-, and
vinylboronic acids. This method has been applied to the synthesis
of [<sup>18</sup>F]FPEB, a PET radiotracer for quantifying metabotropic
glutamate 5 receptors
Synthesis and Evaluation of [<sup>18</sup>F]RAGER: A First Generation Small-Molecule PET Radioligand Targeting the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts
The
receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a 35
kDa transmembrane receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily
of cell surface molecules. Its role in Alzheimer’s disease
(AD) is complex, but it is thought to mediate influx of circulating
amyloid-β into the brain as well as amplify Aβ-induced
pathogenic responses. RAGE is therefore of considerable interest as
both a diagnostic and a therapeutic target in AD. Herein we report
the synthesis and preliminary preclinical evaluation of [<sup>18</sup>F]RAGER, the first small molecule PET radiotracer for RAGE (<i>K</i><sub>d</sub> = 15 nM). Docking studies proposed a likely
binding interaction between RAGE and RAGER, [<sup>18</sup>F]RAGER
autoradiography showed colocalization with RAGE identified by immunohistochemistry
in AD brain samples, and [<sup>18</sup>F]RAGER microPET confirmed
CNS penetration and increased uptake in areas of the brain known to
express RAGE. This first generation radiotracer represents initial
proof-of-concept and a promising first step toward quantifying CNS
RAGE activity using PET. However, there were high levels of nonspecific
[<sup>18</sup>F]RAGER binding <i>in vitro</i>, likely due
to its high log <i>P</i> (experimental log <i>P</i> = 3.5), and rapid metabolism of [<sup>18</sup>F]RAGER in rat liver
microsome studies. Therefore, development of second generation ligands
with improved imaging properties would be advantageous prior to anticipated
translation into clinical PET imaging studies
Synthesis of Diverse <sup>11</sup>C‑Labeled PET Radiotracers via Direct Incorporation of [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub>
Three
new positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers of interest
to our functional neuroimaging and translational oncology programs
have been prepared through new developments in [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> fixation chemistry. [<sup>11</sup>C]QZ (glutaminyl cyclase)
was prepared via a tandem trapping of [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub>/intramolecular cyclization; [<sup>11</sup>C]tideglusib (glycogen
synthase kinase-3) was synthesized through a tandem trapping of [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> followed by an intermolecular cycloaddition
between a [<sup>11</sup>C]isocyanate and an isothiocyanate to form
the 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione core; [<sup>11</sup>C]ibrutinib
(Bruton’s tyrosine kinase) was synthesized through a HATU peptide
coupling of an amino precursor with [<sup>11</sup>C]acrylic acid (generated
from [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub> fixation with vinylmagnesium bromide).
All radiochemical syntheses are fully automated on commercial radiochemical
synthesis modules and provide radiotracers in 1–5% radiochemical
yield (noncorrected, based upon [<sup>11</sup>C]CO<sub>2</sub>). All
three radiotracers have advanced to rodent imaging studies and preliminary
PET imaging results are also reported
Targeting Metal-Aβ Aggregates with Bifunctional Radioligand [<sup>11</sup>C]L2‑b and a Fluorine-18 Analogue [<sup>18</sup>F]FL2‑b
Interest
in quantifying metal-Aβ species <i>in vivo</i> led
to the synthesis and evaluation of [<sup>11</sup>C]L2-b and [<sup>18</sup>F]FL2-b as radiopharmaceuticals for studying the metallobiology
of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using positron emission tomography
(PET) imaging. [<sup>11</sup>C]L2-b was synthesized in 3.6% radiochemical
yield (nondecay corrected, <i>n</i> = 3), >95% radiochemical
purity, from the corresponding desmethyl precursor. [<sup>18</sup>F]FL2-b was synthesized in 1.0% radiochemical yield (nondecay corrected, <i>n</i> = 3), >99% radiochemical purity, from a 6-chloro pyridine
precursor. Autoradiography experiments with AD positive and healthy
control brain samples were used to determine the specificity of binding
for the radioligands compared to [<sup>11</sup>C]PiB, a known imaging
agent for β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. The <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> for [<sup>11</sup>C]L2-b and [<sup>18</sup>F]FL2-b were
found to be 3.5 and 9.4 nM, respectively, from those tissue studies.
Displacement studies of [<sup>11</sup>C]L2-b and [<sup>18</sup>F]FL2-b
with PiB and AV-45 determined that L2-b binds to Aβ aggregates
differently from known radiopharmaceuticals. Finally, brain uptake
of [<sup>11</sup>C]L2-b was examined through microPET imaging in healthy
rhesus macaque, which revealed a maximum uptake at 2.5 min (peak SUV
= 2.0) followed by rapid egress (<i>n</i> = 2)
Development of Positron Emission Tomography Radiotracers for the GABA Transporter 1
In
vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the γ-aminobutyric
acid (GABA) receptor complex has been accomplished using radiolabeled
benzodiazepine derivatives, but development of specific presynaptic
radioligands targeting the neuronal membrane GABA transporter type
1 (GAT-1) has been less successful. The availability of new structure–activity
studies of GAT-1 inhibitors and the introduction of a GAT-1 inhibitor
(tiagabine, Gabatril) into clinical use prompted us to reinvestigate
the syntheses of PET ligands for this transporter. Initial synthesis
and rodent PET studies of N-[<sup>11</sup>C]methylnipecotic acid confirmed
the low brain uptake of that small and polar molecule. The common
design approach to improve blood–brain barrier permeability
of GAT-1 inhibitors is the attachment of a large lipophilic substituent.
We selected an unsymmetrical bis-aromatic residue attached to the
ring nitrogen by a vinyl ether spacer from a series recently reported
by Wanner and coworkers. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of an
aryl chloride precursor with [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoride was used to
prepare the desired candidate radiotracer (<i>R</i>,<i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>)-1-(2-((4-fluoro-2-(4-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluorobenzoyl)styryl)oxy)ethyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid ((<i>R</i>,<i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>)-<b>[</b><sup><b>18</b></sup><b>F]10</b>). PET studies in rats showed
no brain uptake, which was not altered by pretreatment of animals
with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor cyclosporine A, indicating efflux
by Pgp was not responsible. Subsequent PET imaging studies of (<i>R</i>,<i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>)-[<sup><b>18</b></sup><b>F]10</b> in rhesus monkey brain showed very low brain
uptake. Finally, to test if the free carboxylic acid group was the
likely cause of poor brain uptake, PET studies were done using the
ethyl ester derivative of (<i>R</i>,<i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>)-<b>[</b><sup><b>18</b></sup><b>F]10</b>. Rapid and significant monkey brain uptake of the ester was observed,
followed by a slow washout over 90 min. The blood–brain barrier
permeability of the ester supports a hypothesis that the free acid
function limits brain uptake of nipecotic acid-based GAT-1 radioligands,
and future radiotracer efforts should investigate the use of carboxylic
acid bioisosteres
Evaluation of [<sup>11</sup>C]<i>N</i>‑Methyl Lansoprazole as a Radiopharmaceutical for PET Imaging of Tau Neurofibrillary Tangles
[<sup>11</sup>C]<i>N</i>-Methyl lansoprazole
([<sup>11</sup>C]NML, <b>3</b>) was synthesized and evaluated
as a radiopharmaceutical for quantifying tau neurofibrillary tangle
(NFT) burden using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. [<sup>11</sup>C]NML was synthesized from commercially available lansoprazole
in 4.6% radiochemical yield (noncorrected RCY, based upon [<sup>11</sup>C]MeI), 99% radiochemical purity, and 16095 Ci/mmol specific activity
(<i>n</i> = 5). Log <i>P</i> was determined to
be 2.18. A lack of brain uptake in rodent microPET imaging revealed
[<sup>11</sup>C]NML to be a substrate for the rodent permeability-glycoprotein
1 (PGP) transporter, but this could be overcome by pretreating with
cyclosporin A to block the PGP. Contrastingly, [<sup>11</sup>C]NML
was not found to be a substrate for the primate PGP, and microPET
imaging in rhesus revealed [<sup>11</sup>C]NML uptake in the healthy
primate brain of ∼1600 nCi/cc maximum at 3 min followed by
rapid egress to 500 nCi/cc. Comparative autoradiography between wild-type
rats and transgenic rats expressing human tau (hTau +/+) revealed
12% higher uptake of [<sup>11</sup>C]NML in the cortex of brains expressing
human tau. Further autoradiography with tau positive brain samples
from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients revealed colocalization
of [<sup>11</sup>C]NML with tau NFTs identified using modified Bielschowsky
staining. Finally, saturation binding experiments with heparin-induced
tau confirmed <i>K</i><sub>d</sub> and Bmax values of [<sup>11</sup>C]NML as 700 pM and 0.214 fmol/μg, respectively
High Affinity Radiopharmaceuticals Based Upon Lansoprazole for PET Imaging of Aggregated Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Synthesis, Preclinical Evaluation, and Lead Selection
Abnormally aggregated tau is the
hallmark pathology of tauopathy
neurodegenerative disorders and is a target for development of both
diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies across the tauopathy disease
spectrum. Development of carbon-11- or fluorine-18-labeled radiotracers
with appropriate affinity and specificity for tau would allow noninvasive
quantification of tau burden using positron emission tomography (PET)
imaging. We have synthesized [<sup>18</sup>F]lansoprazole, [<sup>11</sup>C]<i>N</i>-methyl lansoprazole, and [<sup>18</sup>F]<i>N</i>-methyl lansoprazole and identified them as high affinity
radiotracers for tau with low to subnanomolar binding affinities.
Herein, we report radiosyntheses and extensive preclinical evaluation
with the aim of selecting a lead radiotracer for translation into
human PET imaging trials. We demonstrate that [<sup>18</sup>F]<i>N</i>-methyl lansoprazole, on account of the favorable half-life
of fluorine-18 and its rapid brain entry in nonhuman primates, favorable
kinetics, low white matter binding, and selectivity for binding to
tau over amyloid, is the lead compound for progression into clinical
trials