Characterization of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Roots Versus Root Pulling Resistance as Selection Indices for Draught Tolerance

A technique described as Root Pulling Resistance (RPR) was used to evaluate genotypic differences in root growth and development of 50 rice germplasm accessions and cultivars. Several root characteristics in rice are associated with drought tolerance and avoidance capability of plants. The RPR measurements showed a significant positive correlation with maximum root length (r=0.69), root thickness (r=0.75), branching number (r=0.75), and root dry weight (r= 0.82). Rice genotypes that had a high RPR value were identified as having longer, thicker, and denser root systems. The data indicated that high RPR measurements are strongly correlated with greater root penetration. Munji Sufaid Pak, IR52 (IR5853-1 18-5) and Saunfia or Mabla Pak 329 had a significantly greater root length, root thickness, root number, root branching and dry weight as compared to IR 36. Also, there was no correlation between plant height and RPR. Furthermore, the data demonstrated that the RPR technique is ideal for selecting superior root systems and potential drought tolerant rice germplasm and cultivars

Alien Registration- Allen, Arthur (Calais, Washington County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/1498/thumbnail.jp

Wind-induced drift of objects at sea: the leeway field method

A method for conducting leeway field experiments to establish the drift properties of small objects (0.1-25 m) is described. The objective is to define a standardized and unambiguous procedure for condensing the drift properties down to a set of coefficients that may be incorporated into existing stochastic trajectory forecast models for drifting objects of concern to search and rescue operations and other activities involving vessels lost at sea such as containers with hazardous material. An operational definition of the slip or wind and wave-induced motion of a drifting object relative to the ambient current is proposed. This definition taken together with a strict adherence to 10 m wind speed allows us to refer unambiguously to the leeway of a drifting object. We recommend that all objects if possible be studied using what we term the direct method, where the object's leeway is studied directly using an attached current meter. We divide drifting objects into four categories, depending on their size. For the smaller objects (less than 0.5 m), an indirect method of measuring the object's motion relative to the ambient current must be used. For larger objects, direct measurement of the motion through the near-surface water masses is strongly recommended. Larger objects are categorized according to the ability to attach current meters and wind monitoring systems to them. The leeway field method proposed here is illustrated with results from field work where three objects were studied in their distress configuration; a 1:3.3 sized model of a 40-ft Shipping container, a World War II mine and a 220 l (55-gallon) oil drum.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures, 3 table

Hemodynamic and electrophysiological evidence of resting-state network activity in the primate

An expanding body of literature describes the existence of concerted brain activations in the absence of any external stimuli. Resting-state networks have been identified and demonstrated to be modulated during the performance of specific cognitive operations. However, despite mounting evidence the possibility still remains that those correlated signal fluctuations reflect non-neural phenomena. In order to isolate functionally relevant spontaneous coactivations, we utilized a multi-level sampling approach to obtain co-registered brain signals across a range of sampling resolution and sensitivity. Surface and local field potentials, hemodynamic signals (near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS), and cell spiking were recorded from dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in four monkeys trained to remain motionless in a primate chair. The use of an optical recording technique (NIRS) allows measurement of a signal that is physiologically equivalent to that obtained using BOLD fMRI, though with millisecond temporal resolution and minimal technical or environmental constraints. The different signal types exhibited correlations between the two regions of interest in both the frequency and time domains. This evidence suggests that the resting-state network activations detected by fMRI do in fact reflect functional coactivations of areas across multiple levels of network communication

An Examination of the Far Infrared Spectrum of Hydrogen Fluoride

Introduction: The absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation from 15 μ to 1000 μ is caused by energy changes in the rotations or the skeletal vibrations of molecules. This wavelength range is known as the far infrared spectral region and has in recent years become the object of extensive experimental activity. Much of the activity may be attributed to an increased awareness of the need for information which cannot be obtained elsewhere; to improved instrumentation and techniques; and to a natural desire to bridge the gap between the infrared and the microwave regions. A bibliography of the far infrared compiled by Palik (1960) impressively indicates that the early history of the long wavelength region, from 1895 to 1920, is the history of the investigation of Heinrich Rubens and his co-workers. Their efforts were directed toward the determination of wavelengths, reflection, and transmission factors, index of refraction measurements, and polarization studies on a wide variety of materials such as quartz, mica, fluorite, rock salt, crown glass, and sulfur (Rubens and Nichols, 1897). Many of their results were immediately applied to new instrumentation and used for further research. For example, the discovery of suitable window materials while using the bolometer as a detector made possible the replacement of the bolometer by the more sensitive torsion radiometer. Following Rubens a host of investigators led by Czerny, Badger, Cartwright, Strong, Randall, and Barnes further developed and improved the art of instrumentation; extended the applications; and refined the theory of the far infrared. Present day research is devoted to many kinds of physical phenomena such as the vibrations of long chain molecules found in polymers and organic substances, optical constants of liquids and solids, properties of semi-conductors, and magneto-optic effects in semi-conductors. These are in addition to extensive investigations on the pure rotational bands of gases. Two of the most important examples in early years of observations on pure rotational spectra are those of M. Czerny (1927) on the hydrogen halides and R. M. Badger and C. H. Cartwright (1929) on ammonia. The first observation of hydrogen fluoride lines in the far infrared were reported in the paper by Czerny. Three lines were found lying between 45 μ and 125 μ. These lines were assigned to transitions in the ground state vibrational energy level between the rotational energy levels designated by the quantum numbers J(1) → J(2), J(3) → J(4), and J(4) → J(5). The pure rotational spectrum of HF then lay dormant until D. F. Smith and A. H. Nielsen (1956) concluded observations on lines corresponding to transitions originating with rotational levels J(10) through J(15) lying between 15 μ and 25 μ. Their frequency data were used in conjunction with data by Kupiers (1956), obtained in the fundamental vibration-rotation band, to determine the rotational constants of the hydrogen fluoride molecule. For a few molecules such as NH3 and OCS, studies have been made in the microwave region of intensities, shapes, and widths of lines in pure rotational spectra (Bleaney and Penrose, 1948; Johnson and Slager, 1952). The tremendous resolving power of spectrometers working in this region makes possible the direct determination of true line shapes. Investigations recently completed in this laboratory (Herget, 1962) have demonstrated that with high resolution and a precisely measured split function it is possible to measure directly the shapes and widths of individual lines of the HF fundamental band in the near infrared