COTA: Setting the Standard

Course Code: ENR/AEDE 4567Final paper for the Environment, Economy, Development, and Sustainability capstone course. Analysis of potential greenhouse gas emissions reductions from reduced single-occupancy vehicle use as a result of potential COTA improvements. Includes benchmarking of various public transportation networks for customer service improvements and strategic recommendations for COTA.City of Columbus, OhioAcademic Major: Environment, Economy, Development, and Sustainabilit

31P NMR Study of GTP-Cation Interactions

Guanosine 5\u27-triphosphate (GTP) plays a pivotal role in many biologi­cal processes. The interactions of cations with GTP are essential to the stabilization of this nucleotide and the regulation of its functions. In this study, we present solution 31P NMR data on GTP samples in varied salt concentrations or pHs. From chemical shifts and T1 , T2 relaxations, it is concluded that the interaction strengths of cations with GTP are in the order of Ca2+ \u3e Mg2+ \u3e Li+ \u3e Na+ for the cations, and in the order of beta \u3e gamma \u3e alpha for the phosphate groups. An increased sample pH causes deprotonation of the beta and gamma phosphates with enhanced cations\u27 affinities, as indicated by significant chemical shift changes, while the chemical shift of alpha phosphate is essentially unaf­fected by varying pH. These results will aid in exploring the mecha­nism of GTP-cation interactions, and fully understanding the effects of cations on GTP\u27s stabilization and its biological activities

Understanding the Use of Crisis Informatics Technology among Older Adults

Mass emergencies increasingly pose significant threats to human life, with a disproportionate burden being incurred by older adults. Research has explored how mobile technology can mitigate the effects of mass emergencies. However, less work has examined how mobile technologies support older adults during emergencies, considering their unique needs. To address this research gap, we interviewed 16 older adults who had recent experience with an emergency evacuation to understand the perceived value of using mobile technology during emergencies. We found that there was a lack of awareness and engagement with existing crisis apps. Our findings characterize the ways in which our participants did and did not feel crisis informatics tools address human values, including basic needs and esteem needs. We contribute an understanding of how older adults used mobile technology during emergencies and their perspectives on how well such tools address human values.Comment: 10 page

Preventative Actions Students Take in Understanding Their Future Health Behaviors

Previous research has shown a lack of responsibility among college students when comparing student behaviors with the risk of health problems they can develop in the future (Baldwin, Towler, Oliver, & Datta, 2017). The purpose of this research is to determine whether students actively make decisions toward the betterment of their health and whether they understand the future health ramifications of their current behaviors. In addition, the research presented will bring student insight towards campus resources available to them. Questions, via online survey, will be proposed to students at Kennesaw State University pertaining to health topics with the goal of providing college students with a list of resources to improve their overall health. At the end of the survey there will be a debriefing with resources pertaining to drug-related concerns, as well as psychological and health services. The questions in the survey will focus on various lifestyle topics such as alcohol consumption, drug usage/misuse, exercise, nutrition, mental health, doctor appointments, supplements, and hygiene. We anticipate that there will be a majority of students who neglect their current health and do not consider how their actions will affect their future. This information could help us educate the students at the university about the different resources available on campus to help them stay on track for a healthier future

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health