Images of women in the A-level literature taught in Tanzanian secondary schools and their implications for development : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Phiilosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand /

Traditionally in Tanzania gendered education was carried out by family members and 'elders', with the purpose of equipping young people with the skills and knowledge they would need to play a complete role in their society. Contact with Arab traders led to the adoption of Islam in some communities and the establishment of Koranic schools. With Christianity and the colonial administration; first by Germany and later by Britain, came Western formal education. Women had little access to either of these forms of education however and were not admitted in large numbers to schools until the socialist education policies of the post independence government were put into place. Despite these policies, society's discriminatory attitudes towards women continued to mitigate women's advancement to higher education. This has helped to lead to women's low status in society, the lack of recognition for their contributions to that society and their inability to shape the development of Tanzania on an equal basis with men. Within the education system women and girls suffer many disadvantages which contribute to their lack of academic success. Not least of these is a biased curriculum which is particularly evident in the content of school text books and reading material. Books in the A level literature in English syllabus are all written by men and an analysis of the content of the eight most frequently used books shows the predominance of negative images of women and gender relations which denigrate and devalue women and girls. These negative images, internalised by the female students, prevent them achieving the goals of the syllabus and may contribute to low self esteem and their subsequent low representation in tertiary institutions. Books written by African women writers, which portray more positive images of women and alternative gender relations, are available and would be valuable additions to the syllabus for both male and female students

General Henry Lockwood of Delaware: Shipmate of Melville, Co-Builder of the Naval Academy, Civil War Commander

A Seagoing Professor Turned Army General Some biographies claim to be the last word on the subject. Lloyd Matthews’ General Henry Lockwood of Delaware is not only the LAST word on the obscure General Lockwood—it’s likely to be EVERY word ever written on Lockwood. Henry Hayes L...

Economic development efforts in the seventh district

Economic development - North Central states ; Federal Reserve District, 7th

Observations of scarlet fever and its specific therapy

1. Experimental evidence is overwhelmingly in favour of a definite haemolytic streptococcus as the causative organism of Scarlet Fever. There may be sub-groups of the Streptococcus scarlatinae which are toxigenically identical.2. Acute and chronic carriers are probably pre- ! eminently important in the method of spread of Scarlet Fever.3. The diagnosis of mild and atypical cases of Scarlet Fever remains a clinical proposition. Serological methods are seldom helpful, except that the definite change from a positive to a negative Dick Reaction during the course of the disease is proof that the condition undergoing treatment is Scarlet Fever. It is presumed, of course, that antitoxin has not been administered.4. Considerable help in the diagnosis of difficult cases would be afforded if every child were submitted to the Dick Test on entering school and periodically thereafter. Close co- operation between the School Medical Services and Infectious Diseases Hospital Authorities would then make it possible to have useful information regarding the personal history of every child suspected of having Scarlet Fever.5. Scarlet Fever is, on an average, diagnosed too late for the full benefit to be derived by the majority of seram- treated patients.6. Scarlet Fever Antitoxin is specifically antitoxic.7. The lack of a scientific method of standardising Scarlet Fever Antitoxin is a serious handicap to experimental therapy with this particular immune serum.8. The average intramuscular dose of 10 cc. of concentrated Scarlet Fever Antitoxin is a suitable one. Toxic cases should receive at least 20 cc. intramuscularly.The appropriate treatment of co- existent diseases (e.g. Diphtheria) does not detract from the value of observations on the results of the specific treatment of Scarlet Fever.9. The antitoxic treatment of the toxic phase of Scarlet Fever is valuable. The earlier the administration of the serum, the more rapid is the amelioration of the toxicity.10. The problem of sensitisation to horse serum re- quires attention. An International Scheme which would permit of harmless indelible substances being used for tattooing the site of injection would be a valuable safeguard against anaphylaxis. Accurate records of second and subsequent attacks of a particular zymotic disease would also be made possible by such a procedure, if an agreed colour represented a particular disease.11. Specific Antitoxic Therapy does not reduce the percentage of total complications appreciably, but the incidence of nephritis is definitely lessened and probably it could be entirely obviated by adequate early antitoxin treatment of Scarlet Fever. Arthritis is less evident in cases receiving early specific therapy.12. Toxic Scarlet Fever is markedly benefited by treatment with antitoxin. The treatment has no appreciable effect on cases of Septic Scarlatina.13. Antitoxin treatment lowers the case mortality by its great curative influence on toxic cases and by preventing nephritis in patients subjected to the therapy early in the toxic phase.14. The Length of Stay in Hospital is not reduced as a result of antitoxin treatment. This is ex- plained by the fact that the serum appears in- capable of preventing or mitigating septic sequelae, which are the most important causes of protracted convalescence.15. "Return" cases may be less common in Hospitals practising antitoxin treatment of Scarlet Fever, but if so, the reason for the reduction is pro- bably the early discharge of patients. By this means, massive sepsis occurring in wards is avoided. If septic complications develop after discharge, recovery is more rapid and more com- plete than is the case when complicated cases are housed in the same hospital ward.16. There is no room for argument as to the outstanding value of Scarlet Fever Antitoxin as a prophylactic. With adequate dosage, a passive immunity lasting for at least fourteen days can be guaranteed to contacts of the disease

Spectroscopic Study of Triplet Exciton Dynamics at the Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Interface

The control and utilisation of spin-triplet excitons in organic semiconductors is highly sought after for the next generation of Optoelectronic applications. Of particular interest is the utilisation of these photoexcited states in the singlet-fission photon-multiplier and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion processes. Singlet fission is an exciton multiplication process in organic molecules, in which a photogenerated spin-singlet exciton is rapidly and efficiently converted into two spin-triplet excitons. Conversely, triplet-triplet annihilation is essentially the same reaction operating in reverse. These processes offer two spectral management mechanisms to break the Shockley–Queisser limit by overcoming the thermalisation and absorption losses inherent to all single-junction photovoltaics. Such spectral management technologies have been predicted to increase the maximum possible efficiency of Si-based cells from 32 % to greater than 40 %, breaking the Shockley–Queisser limit. Harnessing these processes would be facilitated if the energy of the triplet exciton could be efficiently interchanged with photons. However, utilising triplet excitons like this poses a significant challenge, as transitions between the ground state and triplet excited states typically have negligible mediation by photons. Transitions such as these are spin forbidden, and have a correspondingly weak oscillator strength. In this thesis, we investigate a promising method to overcome this impasse, using inorganic quantum dots (QDs) to efficiently convert between triplet excitons and photons. We develop a variety of novel hybrid organic-inorganic systems that perform singlet-fission photon-multiplication and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. We find that in order to achieve efficient triplet transfer at the hybrid organic-inorganic interface, it is critical to engineer the surface of the QD with a triplet transfer ligand. The triplet transfer ligand facilitates transfer by acting as an intermediate excited state during the transfer process, encouraging the formation of an optimal solid-state morphology, and providing a weak adsorption site for rapid transfer to occur at. Among the many highlights, we develop a solid-state singlet-fission photon-multiplier with an exciton multiplication efficiency of ~190%, showing significant promise for real-world application. Additionally, advanced spectroscopic techniques and mathematic modelling are applied to gather an in-depth understanding of the impact of a variety of photophysical processes on operation under realistic working conditions. These results establish a variety of highly tuneable platforms to understand the triplet transfer process at the organic semiconductor and inorganic QD interface, providing clear design rules for new materials that perform spectral management.Winton Program for the Physics of Sustainability Cambridge Trust St. John's Colleg