Rings and bars: unmasking secular evolution of galaxies

Secular evolution gradually shapes galaxies by internal processes, in contrast to early cosmological evolution which is more rapid. An important driver of secular evolution is the flow of gas from the disk into the central regions, often under the influence of a bar. In this paper, we review several new observational results on bars and nuclear rings in galaxies. They show that these components are intimately linked to each other, and to the properties of their host galaxy. We briefly discuss how upcoming observations, e.g., imaging from the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G), will lead to significant further advances in this area of research.Comment: Invited review at "Galaxies and their Masks", celebrating Ken Freeman's 70-th birthday, Sossusvlei, Namibia, April 2010. To be published by Springer, New York, editors D.L. Block, K.C. Freeman, & I. Puerari; minor change

gronovii

Hieracium gronovii Linnaeusqueen devil hawkweed;queen devil;Gronovis' hawkweed;hairy hawkweed;beaked hawkweedépervière de GronoviusHieracium gronovii9 miles from Warrento

Codes and data for "Evaluating alluvial stratigraphic response to cyclic and non-cyclic upstream forcing through process-based alluvial architecture modelling".

With this dataset generated using the method by Karssenberg and Bridge (2008), we are able to evaluate the impact of cyclic and non-cyclic upstream forcing on alluvial stratigraphy through a process-based alluvial architecture model. We find cyclic alluvial stratigraphic patterns to occur when there is cyclicity in the ratio of sediment supply over water discharge (Qs/Qw ratio), in the precondition that the allogenic forcing has sufficiently large amplitudes and long, but not very long, wavelengths, depending on inherent properties of the modelled basin (e.g. basin subsidence, size, slope, etc). Each alluvial stratigraphic cycle consists of two phases: an aggradation phase characterized by rapid sedimentation due to frequent channel shifting and a non-deposition phase characterized by channel belt stability and, depending on Qs/Qw amplitudes, incision. Larger Qs/Qw ratio amplitudes contribute to weaker downstream signal shredding by stochastic components in the model. Floodplain topographic differences are found to be compensated by autogenic dynamics at certain compensational time scales in fully autogenic runs, while the presence of allogenic forcing clearly impacts the compensational stacking patterns

Three-valued logics in modal logic

<p>Every truth-functional three-valued propositional logic can be conservatively translated into the modal logic S5. We prove this claim constructively in two steps. First, we define a Translation Manual that converts any propositional formula of any three-valued logic into a modal formula. Second, we show that for every S5-model there is an equivalent three-valued valuation and vice versa. In general, our Translation Manual gives rise to translations that are exponentially longer than their originals. This fact raises the question whether there are three-valued logics for which there is a shorter translation into S5. The answer is affirmative: we present an elegant linear translation of the Logic of Paradox and of Strong Three-valued Logic into S5.</p>

Avaliação de dez linhagens e seus híbridos de milho superdoce em um dialelo completo Evaluation of ten inbred lines and their hybrids of supersweet maize in a complete diallel cross

Em 1996/97 foram avaliados em Pesqueira e Vitória de Santo Antão (PE), 45 híbridos simples superdoce obtidos de um cruzamento dialélico completo entre dez linhagens S4 e suas linhagens parentais. O delineamento utilizado foi látice 7 x 8 com duas repetições por local. Foram estimados os efeitos das capacidades geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação e os valores de heterose para peso de espiga com palha (PECP), peso de espiga sem palha (PESP) e rendimento de espiga (REND = PESP/PECP x 100). Os efeitos de CGC e CEC foram significativos (P<0,01) para todos os caracteres. As linhagens com maiores REND foram L5 = 76,5%; L7 = 71,2% e L4 = 69,6% (Pesqueira); L4 = 70,8%; L5 = 69,4% e L7 = 65,3% (Vitória de Santo Antão), e estas também apresentaram os maiores valores para os efeitos da CGC nos dois locais. Os cruzamentos mais produtivos (REND) foram L4 x L8 = 74,9% (Pesqueira) e L7 x L8 = 70,3% (Vitória de Santo Antão), que também apresentaram os maiores efeitos da CEC nos dois locais. Para o caráter REND, os valores de heterose em relação à média dos pais variaram de -20,19 a 24,01% (Pesqueira) e de -18,02 a 16,76% (Vitória de Santo Antão). Em relação ao pai mais produtivo os valores variaram de -23,52 a 22,99% (Pesqueira) e de -22,05 a 12,03% (Vitória de Santo Antão).<br>In 1996/97, 45 single cross supersweet maize hybrids, from a complete diallel cross involving ten inbred lines (S4) and their parents, were evaluated at Pesqueira and Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil. A látice 7 x 8 design was used with two replications for each location. The general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability effects and heterosis value were estimated for husked ear weight (HEW), unhusked ear weight (UEW) and ear rate (ER = UEW/HEW x 100). The general and specific combining ability effects were significant (P<0.01) for all characteristics. Inbreds L5 = 76.5%; L7 = 71.2% and L4 = 69.6% (Pesqueira); L4 = 70.8%; L5 = 69.4% and L7 = 65.3% (Vitória de Santo Antão) showed the highest (ER), and the highest GCA effects at both locations. The best crosses for ER were: L4 x L8 = 74.9% (Pesqueira) and L7 x L8 = 70.3% (Vitória de Santo Antão), with the highest SCA effects at both locations. For ER, heterosis values related to parental mean ranged from -20.19 to 24.01% (Pesqueira) and -18.02 to 16.76% (Vitória de Santo Antão). Heterosis values related to the higher yielding parent ranged from -23.52 to 22.99% (Pesqueira) and -22.05 to 12.03% (Vitória de Santo Antão)

Implicações da aplicação de fungicida na adaptabilidade e estabilidade de rendimento de grãos em aveia branca Implications of fungicide application to adaptability and stability of grain yield in oat

Vinte genótipos de aveia (Avena sativa L.), testados em 13 ambientes, foram submetidos à análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da utilização de fungicida nestes parâmetros, através do modelo de regressão segmentado de CRUZ et al. (1989). A aplicação de fungicida afetou os parâmetros de adaptabilidade (b1), responsividade (b1+b2) e estabilidade (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1026" src="../../../../img/revistas/cr/v34n3/a07img01.jpg">), indicando que as estimativas devam ser realizadas em separado nos ambientes com e sem fungicida. Além disso, o uso de fungicida proporcionou efeito favorável sobre a estabilidade de rendimento de grãos, sendo que quatro genótipos testados mostraram ser estáveis (UPF 19, UPF 20, OR-3 e OR-4), enquanto que na ausência de fungicida todos os genótipos revelaram instabilidade de rendimento de grãos. Entretanto, nenhuma cultivar testada evidenciou características de genótipo ideal, conforme preconizado pelo modelo adotado.<br>Twenty oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) tested in thirteen environments were submitted to adaptability and stability analyses aiming at evaluating the effects of fungicide utilization following the segmented regression model of CRUZ et al. (1989). Fungicide application affected the parameters of adaptability (b1), responsiveness (b1 + b²) and stability (<img border=0 id="_x0000_i1028" src="../../../../img/revistas/cr/v34n3/a07img01.jpg">) indicating that estimatives must be performed individually in environments with and without fungicide. Fungicide application had a favorable effect on the stability of grain yield, inasmuch as four of the tested genotypes were shown to be stable (UPF 19, UPF 20, OR-3 e OR-4); however, all genotypes revealed instability of grain yield in the absence of fungicide. No tested cultivar showed characteristics of the ideal genotype, as predicted by the adopted model