An investigation of factors affecting initial trust in Internet banking services in Jordan

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.Despite the rapid growth in technology and the research effort given on investigating the adoption of Internet banking services (IBS), both banks and academic researchers in developing countries perceive the problem of low-level adoption of IBS. The vast majority of studies which have investigated the adoption, acceptance, or intention to use IBS, have agreed that customers’ trust is one of the most important impediments that have frustrated the success of the adoption process. Therefore, in developed countries, customers’ trust became the pivot of research studies that investigated the electronic dealings between customers and new IT/IS innovations. Recently, a few researchers have started investigating online trust in developing countries. However, existing research studies on online trust lacks a comprehensive view that addresses the issue from multiple perspectives (technical, psychological, and cultural) and offers more knowledge and understanding of the problem. To fill this gap, this study has conducted an intensive review of the literature (on online trust and on the adoption of new technological innovation). Consequently, building and examining a comprehensive unified model of initial trust in IBS adoption has been the main aim of this study. The model constructs are developed using trust antecedents, national culture, and the diffusion of innovation theory. The study model was then verified and examined using a rigorous research design that employed a sequential mixed approach that consist of: (i) a quantitative method that involved both a pilot study and a large-scale survey, and (ii) a qualitative method that adopted semi-structured interviews to collect data from nine academic and industry experts. Teachers were surveyed and 540 questionnaires were identified as valid. The obtained quantitative data of the study was analysed using manifold statistical techniques including: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA, measurement model), and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the AMOS software. Moreover, a content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data in order to confirm the quantitative results, validate the initial trust model in IBS, and provide recommendations for future research. The results of this study show that organizational structural assurance, banks’ reputation, perceived relative advantages, and uncertainty avoidance are the most important determinants of customers’ initial trust in IBS in Jordan. In addition, the results indicate that initial trust in IBS positively influences intention to use IBS. The obtained results underpin the claim that national culture has a significant role in forming customers’ initial trust in IBS, particularly in developing context. The current study provides a cornerstone for the intention to use new technological innovations in developing countries, especially IBS. Furthermore, the study provides a set of academic and practical implications, and discusses the research limitations and future directions

The Effect of Using the Directed inquiry Strategy on the Development of Critical Thinking Skills and Achievement in Physics of the Tenth Grade Students in Southern Mazar

The current study aimed at investing the effect of using the  directed inquiry strategy on  the  development of critical thinking skills and achievement in Physics of the tenth grade students in Southern Mazar. To achieve the objectives of the study a teaching program using the directed inquiry  strategy was built also an achievement test and the test of critical thinking were built .    The sample of study consisted of (52) students that was intentionally selected and divided into two groups of (27) and an experimental group of (25) students that was taught using the directed inquiry strategy. The results of the study showed that there was an effect of using directed inquiry strategy on the achievement and the development of  critical thinking among  tenth grade students in Southern  Mazar educational directorate. In light of the findings of the study, a set of recommendations were recommended

Socio-Organisational Approach to Online Banking Transaction Risk Communication inside Banks in Jordan

This study aims to investigate the innovation of Online Banking Transaction (OBT) risk communication issues inside banks in Jordan from the socioorganisational point-of-view through studying the effects of national and organisational cultures on the risk communication process. Although risk communication issue has been approved to be one of the success reasons of Online Banking (OB) usage, the risk communication approaches that have been developed during past years tend to offer narrow technically oriented solutions, and they have not paid enough attention to the social aspects of risks and the informal structures of organizations. Using the previous research findings, this study presents a socioorganisational approach to the OBT risk communication innovation process inside banks in Jordan, which enrich the in depth understanding for practical projects and empirical research contexts

Conceptualizing Initial Trust in Internet Banking Services: A Pilot Study

The adoption rate of Internet banking services (IBS) is considered to be relatively high in the developed countries; which is not the case for developing countries. The lack of trust plays a vital role in discouraging users from adopting IBS. Therefore, initial trust could be the starting point of making customers comfortable processing their banking transactions online. This study aims to propose a conceptual model of initial trust in IBS in developing countries. The proposed model integrates its constructs from: the trust literature, diffusion of innovation theory (DoI), and Hofstede’s national culture theory. This paper also aims to develop and validate a research instrument in order to examine the proposed model. We conducted a pilot study in Jordan, which is one of the developing countries, and refined the model and its instrument based on the obtained results

Secure Location-Aided Routing Protocols With Wi-Fi Direct For Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Secure routing protocols are proposed for the vehicular ad hoc networks. The protocolsintegrate the security authentication process with the Location-Aided Routing (LAR) protocol to supportWi-Fi Direct communications between the vehicles. The methods are robust against various security threats.The security authentication process adopts a modified Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol. The Diffie-Hellman protocol is used with a short authentication string (SAS)-based key agreement over Wi-Fi Directout-of-band communication channels. It protects the communication from any man-in-the-middle securitythreats. In particular, the security process is integrated into two LAR routing schemes, i.e., the request-zoneLAR scheme and the distance-based LAR scheme.We conduct extensive simulations with different networkparameters such as the vehicular node density, the number of the malicious nodes, and the speed of thenodes. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols provide superior performance in securedata delivery and average total packet delay. Also, the secure distance-based LAR protocol outperforms thesecure request-zone LAR protocol

Edge Deep Learning and Computer Vision-Based Physical Distance and Face Mask Detection System Using Jetson Xavior NX

This paper proposes a fully automated vision-based system for real-time COVID-19 personal protective equipment detection and monitoring. Through this paper, we aim to enhance the capability of on-edge real-time face mask detection as well as improve social distancing monitoring from real-live digital videos. Using deep neural networks, researchers have developed a state-of-the-art object detector called "You Only Look Once Version Five" (YOLO5). On real images of people wearing COVID19 masks collected from Google Dataset Search, YOLOv5s, the smallest variant of the object detection model, is trained and implemented. It was found that the Yolov5s model is capable of extracting rich features from images and detecting the face mask with a high precision of better than 0.88 mAP_0.5. This model is combined with the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise method in order to detect patterns in the data to monitor social distances between people. The system is programmed in Python and implemented on the NVIDIA Jetson Xavier board. It achieved a speed of more than 12 frames per second. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-SPER-05 Full Text: PD

Inclusivity in Jordan’s Cultural Historic Sites: Examining Policy and Practices

This study investigates policymakers’ and practitioners' perspectives on inclusive design in Jordan's cultural Historic Sites, a critical component of the country's cultural tourism. Specifically, it examines the government's "Accessible Tourism" initiative, which aims to promote inclusive design in historical and cultural heritage sites such as Amman Citadel and Jordan Museum. The study explores the relationship between policy creation and implementation and identifies the factors and challenges affecting the adoption of inclusive design and project delivery. The research methodology involved conducting inperson semi-structured interviews with Twenty-three professionals working on the "Accessible Tourism" project, including individuals involved in legal affairs, technical development, accessibility, and inclusive design. The interview data was analyzed using NVIVO software. The findings indicate that there is an intricate and ongoing planning process that involves ongoing multi-layered meetings followed by ongoing monitoring and evaluation of procedures after each design phase. However, several factors, including natural geographic, social, and cultural contexts, inflexible conservation regulations, limited public knowledge and awareness of accessibility issues, and a lack of resources and funding, all hinder inclusive accessibility application in policy and practice in historical sites. Despite the government's interest in promoting inclusivity in historical sites, the current development approach still requires a more integrated vision grounded in equity and inclusion and incorporating participatory decision-making processes. This research underscores the need for more comprehensive design tools and frameworks and suggests digital recommendations that allocation to advance inclusive design and accessibility in Jordan's cultural tourism

Using a digital participatory approach to facilitate inclusivity in Jordanian heritage sites: Stakeholders’ requirements and a proposed system

The combination of social engagement engines and immersive technologies, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and digital twins holds great potential for the development of tourism industry during the designing and planning stages. When introduced to experts, this innovative approach allows us to advance creative solutions while keeping the community engaged and enhancing the decision-making process. Virtual designing and planning processes can significantly transform the workflows of professionals and promote inclusive practices in all Jordanian archaeological and heritage sites, particularly those involved in the “Accessible Tourism” project. This article presents an exploratory quantitative study conducted through a comprehensive literature review and participatory interviews. The study involved 23 participants from the “Accessible Tourism” project. It focused on identifying professionals’ barriers affecting the application of inclusivity in historical sites. Additionally, the study defined challenges and requirements to determine digitally inclusive applications. The study results highlighted the challenges faced by stakeholders and experts in developing inclusivity in built heritage sites in Jordan, such as interdepartmental communication, historic preservation constraints, and comprehension of accessibility codes. It also addressed the difficulties in engaging users with disabilities or marginalized communities in developing inclusive facilities. Based on these findings, a unique framework for remotely analysing target users within an immersive environment is proposed. This framework has been developed in collaboration with key stakeholders and set the stage for further research and collaboration. Future research should emphasize the importance of inclusive practices and user involvement in designing accessible and enriching tourism experiences at Jordan’s heritage sites

Fuzzy Inference System for Speed Bumps Detection Using Smart Phone Accelerometer Sensor

Recently, a significant amount of research attention has been given to monitoring the road surface anomalies such as potholes and speed bumps. In this paper, speed bump detection method based on a fuzzy inference system (FIS) is proposed. The fuzzy inference system detects and recognizes the speed bumps from the variance of the vertical acceleration and the speed of the vehicle. The proposed method utilizes the embedded sensor (accelerometer) in the Smartphone. The proposed method is tested and evaluated under different speed levels. The results show that the proposed method is promising for bumps detection