STUDI POTENSIOMETRI DALAM MEMBRAN CAIR BERPENDUKUNG PTFE DENGAN AMINA SEKUNDER SEBAGAI PENGEMBAN DALAM UPAYA PENENTUAN PENISILIN

Penisilin G atau benzilpenisilin merupakan antibiotik yang dihasilkan oleh jamur Penicillium notatum. Antibiotik ini merupakan jenis obat yang sering digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri aerob dan anaerob. Penentuan kadar dari penisilin dalam sediaan farmasi biasanya diwajibkan untukdilakukan dalam upaya menjaga kualitas sediaan farmasi yang dihasilkan. Elektroda selektif ion (ESI) merupakan sensor elektrokimia potensiometri yang berfungsi sebagai pengesan keberadaan dan kuantitas analit dan banyak digunakan karena selektif, peka, akurat dan batas deteksinya cukup rendah. Berdasarkan penelusuran metoda analisis untuk penisilin diketahui bahwa penentuan penisilin menggunakan elektroda selektif dalam membran cair berpendukung PTFE dengan amina sekunder sebagai pengemban belum pernahdilakukan. Agar respon potensiometri dari ESI yang dihasilkan dapat diprediksi dan ditingkatkan sensitivitas dan selektivitasnya, maka diperlukan studi potensiometrik dalam membran untuk memahami proses kinetika transfer muatan yang terjadi pada antarmuka larutan-membran. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat ESI penisilin dalam membran cair berpendukung PTFE menggunakan amina sekunder sebagai pengemban yang memiliki karakteristik optimal untuk pengukuran analisis. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil: terdapat hubungan linier antara potensial dengan konsentrasi analit melalui pengukuran potensial membran pada arus nol. Dari karakterisasi non transport diketahui terjadi proses swelling pada membran yang telahdiimpregnasi amina sekunder dengan volume efektif membran yang terisi pelarut sebesar 12,7%. Transport ion penisilin ke dan dari membran dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan konsentrasi dan pH. Dari hasil penelitian ini, terlihatadanya peluang bagi membran cair berpendukung PTFE dengan amina sekunder sebagai pengemban untuk digunakan sebagai sensor potensiometri pada penentuan penisilin. Kata kunci : Penisilin, Politetrafluoroetilen (PTFE), amin Sekunder, ESI (elektroda selektif Ion), membran cair berpendukun

PATCHES FOR ACNE TREATMENT: AN UPDATE ON THE FORMULATION AND STABILITY TEST

The purpose of this article review was to find out more about acne patch formulations and test stability. The method used is searching data from various articles based on Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Molecules with the keywords "Acne vulgaris, acne treatment, acne patches, and types of acne patches” and with a range of years between 2011 and 2021. Based on the type of acne, acne patches are divided into several types, namely microneedle patches, acne medicine patches, and hydrocolloid patches. The results obtained in this review show that the most commonly used acne patch is the medicated acne patch (hydrogel patches), because of its waterproof property to protect acne from secondary infection, it can absorb liquid inside and flatten acne and is cheaper compared to microneedles. The hydrogel patch is also stable at a temperature of 40±2 °C and a relative humidity (RH) of 75±5% for 6 mo of storage

MI-SPE, M-SPE AND M-SPD RECENT APPLICATION ON SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION FOR COMPOUND EXTRACTION OF COMPLEX MATRICES

Solid Phase Extraction is a method used for extraction, purification of compounds contained in complex matrices and purification of samples in the fields of industry, pharmacy, and toxicology analysis. This review represents the recent advances of solid phase extraction from different mode of separation which are the most commonly used in recent days such as molecular imprinting solid phase extraction (MISPE), magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) and matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). In this review, the applications of MISPE in the analysis of agrochemicals such as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides are summarized. This review also states preparation of various magnetic composites (MSPE) based on graphene and its application as adsorbents in pre concentrating natural mixes, organic macromolecules. Besides this, this review summarizes the application of MSPD in biological, food, and environmental samples, including both organic and inorganic analyte

DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER-BASED ANALYTICAL DEVICE FOR DETECTING DIAZEPAM IN URINE

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop Paper-based Analytical Devices (PADs) with colorimetric method as a presumptive test for detecting diazepam in urine Methods: Colorimetric method was used as a principle of this study. PADs were fabricated with wax-printing methods. Chosen colorimetric reagent was tested for selectivity with hydromorphone and codeine; and sensitivity by measuring the absorbance with UV-Vis spectrophotometer. PADs were tested for its sensitivity and stability. The intensity of color developed on PADs are measured with ImageJ. The ability of PADs to detect diazepam in urine was simulated with testing spiked urine sample to the PADs Results: Zimmermann gave the most obvious prominent color change from colorless to purple-red color out of the four reagents. PAD is selective to diazepam when tested with hydromorphone and codeine. PAD is sensitive with a cut-off concentration at 100 ppm. PAD can detect diazepam in urine with the highest recovery percent at 92.8%±4,6 Conclusion: It can be concluded that PAD is quite selective and sensitive to detect diazepam in urine and can be done easily and fast for onsite analysi

SELECTIVE ATENOLOL DETERMINATION IN BLOOD USING MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMER WITH ITACONIC ACID AS FUNCTIONAL MONOMER

Objective: This study was aimed to determine analytical performance and physical character of MI-SPE (Molecular Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction) atenolol using itaconic acid as the functional monomer and to implement the material for the extraction of atenolol in blood serum.Methods: This experiment was performed by determining association constants between monomer-template with UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the synthesis of MI-SPE atenolol using bulk polymerization method, template extraction, evaluation of the adsorption ability and capacity of sorbent, evaluation of sorbent selectivity, and determining their physical character using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In the end, the sorbent then was implemented to extract atenolol in blood serum.Results: Analytical performance showed that MI-SPE sorbent has Imprinting Factor (IF) 10.632 which is the largest number compared to IF when using another beta blocker compound. Physical characterization obtained by MI-SPE using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method showed that MI-SPE morphology has homogeneous pore and number of cavities than its blank. MI-SPE has recovery percentage 92.22 % atenolol when it applied to blood serum spiked with atenolol standard.Conclusion: MI-SPE sorbent made from the itaconic acid monomer in methanol porogen potential to be used for the extraction of atenolol from the blood sample by selectively bind to atenolol

SYNTHESIS OF MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMER SALBUTAMOL USING METHACRYLIC ACID MONOMER AND TRIMETHYL PROPANE TRIMETHACRYLATE (TRIM) AS A CROSS-LINKER THROUGH SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION

Objective: This study aims to determine the analytical performances and characteristics of MIP salbutamol made with methacrylic acid (MAA) monomer and trimethylpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) cross-linker through suspension polymerization. Methods: The MIP salbutamol was synthesized using suspension polymerization. The analytical performances of MIP, such as the adsorption ability, adsorption capacity and selectivity, were evaluated by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The physical characterization of MIP and NIP were evaluated using FTIR, TEM-EDS, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. Results: Molecular Imprinted Polymer (MIP) showed better analytical performance than Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP), the adsorption ability of MIP and NIP reached about 90.43% and 53.92%, respectively. The MIP was selective for salbutamol when compared to terbutaline and salmeterol xinafoate with an imprinting factor (IF) of 1.2841. The MIP has spherical shape particles with diameters in the range of 10-100 µm with a surface area of 185.546 m2/g, pore volume of 0.257 cm3/g, and pore size of 16.599 Å. Conclusion: The Based on these results, MIP salbutamol, has the potential to be developed as a method for the preparation of salbutamol analysis from biological samples

Condition Optimization for The Analysis of Risperidone and 9-0H-Risperidone by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Risperidone (RIS) is one of the most widely used atypical antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia in hospitals. RIS is metabolized by the liver and produces the primary active metabolite  9-OH-Risperidone (9-OHR). In the process of RIS metabolism, it is suspected that there are gene polymorphisms that cause variations in patient responses. Analysis of RIS and 9-OHR levels in the patient's blood can help to explain the various responses. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the most popular method to analyze RIS and 9-OHR, but many deficiencies were found in the chromatograms in the previous study. This research aims to obtain optimal conditions of the analysis prior to method validation. Condition optimization by optimizing the wavelength, composition of the mobile phase, pH, flow rate, and particle size of the stationary phase. The results showed that the wavelength was 279 nm, the mobile phase was 0.05 M KH2PO4 pH 3.7: acetonitrile (94:6, v/v) plus 0.3% triethylamine, and the flow rate was 1.2 ml/min in the stationary phase (LiChroCART® RP 18; 250x4 mm; 10 µm) being the optimal condition. This method is suggested to continue method validation for analyzing RIS and 9-OHR in the serum or plasma

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BLACK BETEL LEAF (PIPER ACRE BLUME.) ESSENTIAL OILS FROM EAST KALIMANTAN

Objective: To determine the extraction technique and content of linalool, as the dominant compound, in black betel essential oil from East Kalimantan using a validated analytical method. Methods: Extraction was carried out using steam distillation. Essential oils were assessed by observing the colour and solubility in ethanol. Using an Agilent GC-MS with a 5977B (GCMSD) detector, a DB-5MS column, and a helium gas carrier of 1 ml/minute. The level of dominant compounds was determined using a validated analytical method. Results: The essential oil had characteristics that met SNI standards. Based on the results of GC-MS, the dominant compound in five samples was linalool. Validation of the analytical method was carried out with the following conditions established: injector temperature 250 °C, oven temperature 40 °C with a 2 min holding time, reaching 125 °C with a 10 min holding time, reaching 250 °C with a 2 min holding time, reaching 340 °C with a 10 min holding time. The resulted in a linearity of 0.999; a 1.637% relative standard deviation for precision; 102.27% recovery value for accuracy; 0.4% LOD; and 1.2% LOQ. The percentage linalool content of the samples was found in the sample code MADSH 4 (10.56% with a standard deviation of 0.6169). Conclusion: The steam distillation extraction method can be used to obtain essential oil with characteristics that meet SNI standards. Based on the results of GC-MS, linalool is the dominant compound, with a concentration of 10.56% found in the MADSH4 sample

PEMILIHAN MONOMER FUNGSIONAL PADA MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMER (MIP) DIAZEPAM DENGAN TEKNIK KOMPUTASI

Teknik preparasi yang tepat dapat mempengaruhi hasil analisis sehingga pemilihan preparasi sampel yang tepat harus diperhitungkan terutama untuk analisis diazepam dalam matriks sampel yang rumit seperti serum dan urin. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) merupakan salah satu teknik preparasi yang efektif untuk mengekstrak analit target dari matriks kompleks sebelum analisis. Pemilihan monomer fungsional merupakan hal terpenting dalam pembuatan MIP yang baik, sehingga pemilihannya sesuai dengan sifat fisikokimia monomer dan diazepam sebagai tamplate. Interaksi monomer dan tamplate yang memberikan nilai binding affinity yang paling baik pada monomer asam adalah p-vinylbenzoic acid sebesar -3,3 kkal/mol, pada monomer basa adalah 5-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethenyl]-1H-imidazole sebesar -3,8 kkal/mol dan pada monomer netral adalah ethylstyrene sebesar -3,6 kkal/mol. Dari semua monomer yang diuji baik monomer asam,basa atau netral yang menghasilkan binding affinity yang baik adalah monomer basa yaitu 5-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethenyl]-1H-imidazole sebesar -3,8 kkal/mol yang artinya template diazepam akan berinteraksi dengan baik dengan monomer tersebut. Kata kunci: Diazepam, Molekular Imprinting Polimer (MIP), Pemilihan Monomer Fungsiona

BIOAVAILABILITY STUDY OF SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata) HERBS INFUSION IN RABBIT

Andrographis paniculata or sambiloto is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in Indonesia. The main bioactive chemical constituent, andrographolide, has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Besides its function for medical purposes, the sambiloto herbs infusion is frequently taken to maintain health. This study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of sambiloto herbs infusion in rabbit plasma, stomach, and liver, calculated as total andrographolide. Fourteen male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. Sambiloto herbs infusion were administered orally at the dose 7.04mL/kg body weight to each rabbit. Blood samples were taken at intervals 0.0; 0.5; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0; and 5.0h after infusion administration. Sambiloto herbs infusion, which are calculated as andrographolide, levels in plasma, stomach, and liver were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using C-18 column as stationary phase and a mixture of methanol-double distilled water (60:40) as mobile phase. Bioavailability parameters obtained were Cmax 0.5549µg/mL (in stomach), 0.2136µg/mL (in plasma), 0.0051µg/mL (in liver); while tmax 1h (in stomach), 1.5h (in plasma), 2h (in liver); and AUC 1.7451µg.h/mL (in stomach), 0.434µg.h/mL (in plasma), 0.0038µg.h/mL (in liver). These data showed that in healthy animals, sambiloto herbs infusion was fastly absorbed from the stomach, distributed in the circulation system, and metabolized in the liver, in subsequent process. Sambiloto herbs infusion showed good bioavailability in rabbit.