Meta-analysis forest plots.

<p>Plots show the effect of recreational activities on A) non-native species abundance and B) non-native species richness. Effect size values >0 show that the species richness or abundance of non-native species was greater in sites where recreational activities took place. The mean effect size and 95% confidence interval is shown for the overall result and each sub-group analysis. Bias-corrected confidence intervals were bootstrapped for groups n<10 and parametric confidence intervals for groups n≥10. Confidence intervals that overlap the dashed line at zero are not significantly different from zero.</p

Total heterogeneity (Q_T) and between-group heterogeneity (Q_B) of effect sizes in studies comparing the abundance and richness of non-native species between sites where recreational activities took place vs. control sites.

<p>As there was a significant correlation between study type, study area and duration of study, only study type was analysed in the subgroup analysis.</p

PRISMA Literature Search Flow diagram.

<p>Diagram depicts the number of studies retained and discarded at each stage of the literature search.</p

Percentage of anglers and canoeists who visited more than two catchments within a fortnight and who either cleaned, dried or cleaned and dried their equipment after every use.

<p>Error bars show 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Typical number of UK catchments visited by canoeists and anglers.

<p>Shading shows the frequency with which respondents travelled between the catchments that they visited.</p

The source and method of disposal of live bait by anglers.

<p>Figures show percentages for the source and disposal of each type of bait.</p

Disposal methods for live bait (fish and invertebrates) used by anglers.

<p>Error bars show 95% Confidence Interval.</p

Relative hazard scores for different categories of angler and canoeist.

<p>IQR  =  Interquartile range. Percentages show the co-occurrence of biosecurity hazards associated with potential transmission.</p

Maps showing the last three UK sites visited and by A) anglers and B) canoeists who visited more than one catchment within a fortnight and failed to clean or dry their kit between uses.

<p>Points show the sites and lines connect sites visited by an individual within a fortnight.</p

Approximate survival times of notifiable freshwater pathogens listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and freshwater INNS listed in the Environment Agency's 10 ‘most wanted’ invasive species or as one of the potential invaders threatening Great Britain and Ireland [17].

<p>P  =  species or pathogen is already present, R  =  this species poses a significant threat to UK freshwaters.</p