Biochemical response to metformin.

<p>Values are shown at Visit 1 and Visit 2 for all participants and stratified by those participants who took no or any number of (1, 2, 3, or 4) metformin pills.</p><p>^a The mean ± SD for glucose and median [interquartile range] for non-normally distributed measures (insulin, HOMA-IR, glucagon, and proinsulin) are shown at Visit 1 and Visit 2. For statistical comparison, non-normally distributed data were log-transformed and paired difference for log-transformed measures is the mean of the log-transformed value at Visit 2 minus log-transformed value at Visit 1.</p><p>^b<i>P</i>-value is for paired t-test for glucose and for log-transformed insulin, HOMA-IR, glucagon, and proinsulin.</p><p>SD: standard deviation. CI: confidence interval. HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.</p><p>Biochemical response to metformin.</p

SUGAR-MGH protocol and schedule of events.

<p>All events at Visit 1 and Visit 2 occur in the Clinical Research Center.</p

SUGAR-MGH Recruitment and study flow sheet.

<p>SUGAR-MGH Recruitment and study flow sheet.</p

Glucose values during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the presence and absence of metformin.

<p>Shown are mean ± standard deviation for A) blood glucose (mmol/L) prior to and during the SUGAR-MGH oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) stratified by participants who took no metformin doses (blue dashed line with blue circles) and participants who took any dose of metformin (black solid line with black squares); B) blood glucose (mmol/L) prior to and during an oral glucose tolerance test in the subset of participants who underwent an OGTT as part of the CAMP MGH study before receiving metformin (red dashed line with red circles) and after receiving four doses of metformin as part of the SUGAR-MGH study (black solid line with black squares).</p

Glucose values during glipizide challenge stratified by time of challenge termination.

<p>Shown are mean ± standard deviation for blood glucose (mmol/L) during the glipizide challenge stratified by the time of challenge termination: 60 minutes (blue solid line with blue circles), 90 minutes (green dashed line with green squares), 120 minutes (red dashed line with red triangles), 180 minutes (orange solid line with orange inverted triangles), and 240 minutes (black solid line with black diamonds).</p

Glucose and insulin changes during glipizide challenge.

<p>Shown are A) mean ± standard deviation for blood glucose (mmol/L), B) median [IQR] for insulin (pmol/L), and C) median [IQR] for glucagon (ng/L) values prior to and during the glipizide challenge.</p

Highest-ranked independent signals in the lean and obese case GWA studies.

<p>SNPs mapped to ‘+’ strand, genome build 36. Independence based on hapmap r²<0.05. Study directions show directional consistency of effect size estimates within the individual cohorts meta-analysed.</p

Test statistics for LAMA1 association in lean and obese cases versus all controls.

<p>Test statistics for LAMA1 association in lean and obese cases versus all controls.</p

Risk allele distribution for known type 2 diabetes SNPs in GoDARTs.

<p>Plot shows number of type 2 diabetes risk alleles carried by the 263 lean type 2 diabetes cases, 1,735 obese type 2 diabetes cases and 3,691 controls from the GoDARTs study.</p

Association statistics for known European type 2 diabetes loci in the lean and obese GWA studies strata.

<p>KCNQ1 appears twice as it has two independent signals confirmed through conditional analysis.</p