Eterično ulje u perzijskoj kadulji, Salvia rhytidea Benth.

Chemical composition of volatile compounds from Salvia rhytidea Benth. was analyzed, for the first time, by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The volatiles were isolated from dried aerial parts of the plant by hydro-distillation. A total yield of 2.0 mg of essential oil per g of plant dry mass was obtained and sixty compounds were identified, representing 98.2% of total volatiles. The essential oil was characterized by a high content of hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenes. The main constituents were p-cymene-8-ol (11.9%), spathulenol (7.3%), pulegone (6.4%), sabinene (5.8%), terpinen-4-ol (5.5%) and alpha-copaene (5.3%).Po prvi put je ispitivan kemijski sastav hlapljivih komponenata iz biljke Salvia rhytidea Benth. plinskom kromatografijom/masenom spektrometrijom. Hlapljivi sastojci su izolirani iz osušenih vršnih dijelova biljke destilacijom vodenom parom. Dobiveno je 2,0 mg eteričnog ulja po gramu suhe biljke, a identificirano je 60 spojeva (98,2% od ukupnih hlapljivih komponenata). Eterično ulje sadrži visoki udio ugljikovodičnih i oksigeniranih monoterpena. Glavni sastojci su p-cimen-8-ol (11,9%), spatulenol (7,3%), pulegon (6,4%), sabinen (5,8%), terpinen-4-ol (5,5%) i alpha-kopaen (5,3%)

Eterično ulje u perzijskoj kadulji, Salvia rhytidea Benth.

Chemical composition of volatile compounds from Salvia rhytidea Benth. was analyzed, for the first time, by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The volatiles were isolated from dried aerial parts of the plant by hydro-distillation. A total yield of 2.0 mg of essential oil per g of plant dry mass was obtained and sixty compounds were identified, representing 98.2% of total volatiles. The essential oil was characterized by a high content of hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenes. The main constituents were p-cymene-8-ol (11.9%), spathulenol (7.3%), pulegone (6.4%), sabinene (5.8%), terpinen-4-ol (5.5%) and alpha-copaene (5.3%).Po prvi put je ispitivan kemijski sastav hlapljivih komponenata iz biljke Salvia rhytidea Benth. plinskom kromatografijom/masenom spektrometrijom. Hlapljivi sastojci su izolirani iz osušenih vršnih dijelova biljke destilacijom vodenom parom. Dobiveno je 2,0 mg eteričnog ulja po gramu suhe biljke, a identificirano je 60 spojeva (98,2% od ukupnih hlapljivih komponenata). Eterično ulje sadrži visoki udio ugljikovodičnih i oksigeniranih monoterpena. Glavni sastojci su p-cimen-8-ol (11,9%), spatulenol (7,3%), pulegon (6,4%), sabinen (5,8%), terpinen-4-ol (5,5%) i alpha-kopaen (5,3%)

«درخت مسواك» در آموزه‌هاي طب اسلامي، طب سنتي و دانش نوين بشري

Islamic medicine includes several instructions, which would be helpful in advancement of Muslims if being followed. Some of these instructions are related to different health issues. Miswak or Arak tree (Salvadora persica) belongs to the Salvadoraceae family, and is a plant mentioned in Islamic texts with regard to oral and dental health. The instructions of Islamic medicine about the tree are a major reason for widespread use of the plant in Islamic countries. In this review paper, we addressed the evidence related to the miswak tree using Quran, hadith sources, traditional medicine books, and some modern references. In a part of the paper, we pointed to some Quran interpretations and hadiths with regard to Islamic medicine instructions. The Arabic term in the Quran points to the Arak tree, which has several interpretations. In some hadiths, cure from some diseases and increased wealth have been mentioned as the advantages of the miswak tree. In another part of the paper, the importance of miswak tree in traditional medicine and pharmacy, and the experience of ancient scientists about the tree are mentioned. Finally, some new findings about the medicinal properties of the miswak plant and their main components are provided. It is found that the plant is effective in tooth decay prevention. In studies carried out on people using miswak tree, it has been shown that the need for treatment of plaque and periodontal inflammation is lower in those who use the plant. Following these valuable instructions about the plant would lead to higher personal and public health level. Considering the effects of the Arak tree, including its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, digestive, and constipating effects, and also with regard to its socioeconomic advantages, it is suggested that using modern technology, the regular use of this plant be encouraged.طب اسلامی داراي آموزه ها و دستورات خاصي است كه تدبر و عمل به هریک از آن‌ها مي‌تواند زمينه‌هاي پیشرفت و ترقی مسلمانان را فراهم نماید. يكي از اين آموزه ها، در ارتباط با مسایل مختلف بهداشتی است. «درخت مسواک» یا «اراك»  با نام علمي «Salvadora persica L.» از خانواده «Salvadoraceae» یکی از گیاهانی است که در زمینه بهداشت دهان و دندان در متون اسلامی بر روی آن تأکید شده است. آموزه‌هاي طب اسلامي در مورد درخت مسواک یکی از علل مهم استفاده گسترده از اين گياه در بين كشورهاي اسلامي است. در اين مقاله که از نوع کتابخانه‌ای بوده است و به شیوه مروری با بهره‌گیری از منابع قرآن کریم، منابع حدیث، کتب طب سنتی و برخی رفرانس‌های جدید انجام گردیده است مستندات مربوط به آثار درخت اراك ارائه شده است. در بخشی از مقاله، به برخي از تفاسير قرآن و روايات در قالب آموزه هاي طب اسلامي اشاره شده است. قرآن با ذكر واژه «خمط» به درخت اراك اشاره نموده است که تفاسير مختلفي براي آن ذكر شده است. در روايات، شفا از برخي بيماري‌ها و افزايش رزق و روزي برای چوب مسواک بيان گردیده است. در بخشی دیگر، به بررسي اهميت درخت مسواک در منابع طب و داروسازي سنتي و تجارب دانشمندان گذشته در مورد آن پرداخته شده است. در بخش آخر به برخي از يافته‌هاي جديد دانشمندان درباره خواص دارويي گیاه مسواک و مواد مؤثر اصلی آن پرداخته شده است كه درجلوگيري از پوسيدگي دندان‌ها مؤثرند. در طي مطالعاتي که در افراد استفاده كننده از چوب مسواك انجام شده است ثابت گردیده که نياز این بیماران به درمان‌های ضد پلاك و التهابات اطراف لثه‌اي با مصرف این گیاه، كاهش می‌یابد. با توجه به این دستورات ارزشمند كه قاعدتاً عمل به آن‌ها باعث سلامت فرد و جامعه اسلامي خواهد شد و با عنایت به این که درخت اراك شامل خواص آنتي اكسيدانت، ضد میکروب، سايتوتوكسيك، سايندگي و قابض بودن است، توصيه مي‌شود كه مراکز تحقیقاتی با به‌کارگیری تکنولوژی های روز، به مصرف پیوسته از اين گياه با توجه به صرفه هاي اقتصادي ـ اجتماعي آن تشويق شوند

Microscopical, macroscopical and chemical investigations and their uses in chemotaxonomy of Crataegus pontica C. Koch

The Crataegus genus is widely distributed in Iran. This genus belongs to Rosaceae family and has 17 species in Iran one of which is Crataegus pontica C. Koch. In this paper, we analyzed some microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of this plant, then compared them with other features that were presented previously in previous reports. We analyzed all components in C. pontica, using thin layer chromatography method and then specified the type of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acid in C. pontica. Hyproside, rutin and chlorogenic acid were the main flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic occurred acid in this plant. Also, we analyzed its flavonoids quantitatively based on Deutsch Pharmacopoeia method according to hyproside content. Because, to determine the chemosystematic relevancies in some species flavonoids are used, so in this paper we compared C. pontica with 3 other species of its genus such as C. monogyna, C. melanocarpa and C. curvisepala that are found in Iran, and also with the medicinal standard species of Crataegus genus which is called C. oxyacantha. Finally we concluded that hyproside, rutin and chlorogenic acid were the main and common structural components in all species of that genus which were mentioned above

Cytotoxic, antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of Gracilaria species from Persian Gulf

Background: Marine algae, also called seaweeds, are abundantly present in the coastal area of Iran, especially in Persian Gulf. These plants contain important phytochemical constituents and have potential biological activities. The present study investigated the presence of phytochemical constituents and total phenolic quantification of the seaweeds Gracilaria salicornia and Gracilaria corticata. Cytotoxicity of seaweeds was tested against HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 cell lines. Antioxidant potential of these two Gracilaria species was also analyzed. Materials and Methods: Extracts of G. salicornia and G. corticata were subjected to phytochemical and cytotoxicity tests. Phytochemical screenings were employed to identify the chemical constituents and total phenolic content. Cytotoxicity was characterized by IC50of human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29) using sulforhodamine assay. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Results: The analysis revealed that tannins were the most abundant compounds in G. corticata while sterols and triterpenes were the most abundant ones in G. salicornia, but the total phenolic content of the two seaweeds was similar. Cytotoxic results showed that both species could inhibit cell growth effectively, especially against HT-29 cell line. Conclusion: Considerable phytochemicals, high antioxidant potential, and moderate cytotoxic activity of G. salicornia and G. corticata make them appropriate candidates for further studies and identification of their bioactive principles

Design, formulation and evaluation of green tea chewing gum

Background: The main purpose of this study is to design, formulate and evaluate the green tea gums with a suitable taste and quality in order to produce an anti-oxidant chewing gum. Materials and Methods: Fresh green tea leaves obtained from Northern Iran for extraction. Maceration is the extraction method that is used in this study. The contents of caffeine, catechin and flavonoids of the hydro alcoholic extract were measured. Various formulations of the 120 mg green tea extract chewing gums with different sweeteners, flavoring agents and various gum bases were prepared afterward release pattern, content uniformity, organoleptic results and other properties were characterized. Results: The contents of caffeine, catechin and flavonoid of the hydro alcoholic extraction were 207.32 mg/g, 130.00 mg/g and 200.82 mg/g, respectively. Release pattern of green tea chewing gum with different gum base ratios and various sweeteners in phosphate buffer were prepared. A total of 60 persons who were 20-30 years of age, participated in our panel test for organoleptic properties such as taste, stiffness, stickiness, etc., Acceptable gum was the one with the same ratio of the used rubber bases. Cinnamon selected as the preferred taste by volunteers. Combination of aspartame, sugar and maltitol has appropriate taste. The effect of various sweetener on release pattern was negligible, on the other hand rubber bases ratio variation, changed the release pattern obviously. Conclusion: The green tea chewing gum with sugar, maltitol and aspartame sweeteners and cinnamon flavor, using the same rubber bases ratio may be a desirable antioxidant product

Antiulcerogenic Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. on Cysteamine Induced Duodenal Ulcer in Rats: Antiulcerogenic effect of Zataria multiflora

Research advances during recent years offer new insight into therapy and the prevention of gastrointestinal ulcers by using medicinal plants. Flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, fatty acids and essential oils are among the most effective herbal constituents that have potential antiulcerogenic properties, and most of them could be found in Zataria multiflora. Z. multiflora is one of the indigenous plants of Iran,which is readily available and traditionally used to improve gastrointestinal disorders. In a recent trial, we decided to study the potential antiulcerogenic effects of the plant on an animal model of duodenal ulcer. Hydroalcoholic extract of the plant with doses of 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg/kg, ranitidine (50 mg/kg), sucralfate (2 g/kg) and 1 ml of the vehicle were administered orally to different groups of male Wistar rats.Two other groups received (i.p.) vehicle (1 ml) and extract (800 mg/kg). Duodenum ulcers were induced by cysteamine HCl and the number of ulcers, area, and finally ulcer index were assessed. Ranitidine and sucralfate resulted in significant reduction in the duodenal mucosal damage for the entire ulcer factors assessed. Increasing doses of the extract resulted in a significant reduction in ulcerated area and index in a dose dependent manner. We concluded that Z. multiflora extract was effective in protecting against duodenal ulceration, and for the larger doses used, the efficacy was comparable with the reference drugs. The mechanism of action couldn’t be clearly proposed for the plant extract, however; the local mucosal enhancement and cytoprotection may be involved

Phytochemical and biological evaluation of some Sargassum species from Persian Gulf

Sea algae are widely consumed in the world. There are several seaweeds including brown algae which are authorized for human consumption. These plants contain important phytochemical constituents and have various potential biological activities. The present study investigated the presence of phytochemical constituents and total phenolic quantity of the seaweeds Sargassum angustifolium, Sargassum oligocystum and Sargassum boveanum. Cytotoxicity of seaweeds was tested against HT-29, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Antioxidant potential of these 3 Sargassum species was also analyzed. Cytotoxicity was characterized by IC50 of human cancer cell lines using sulforhodamine assay. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil. The analysis revealed that tannins, saponins, sterols and triterpenes were the most abundant compounds in these Sargassum species while cyanogenic and cardiac glycosides were the least ones. Sargassum angustifolium had the highest content of total phenolics (0.061 mg/g) and showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.231). Cytotoxic results showed that all species could inhibit cell growth effectively, especially MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 67.3, 56.9, 60.4 for S. oligocystum, S. angustifolium and S. boveanum respectively). Considerable phytochemicals and moderate cytotoxic activity of S. angustifolium, S. oligocystum and S. boveanum make them appropriate candidate for further studies and identification of their bioactive principles

Hypocholesterolemic effects of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) seeds in the rabbits fed on a cholesterol-containing diet

Objectives: Lallemantia royleana (Benth. in Wall.) Benth. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Iranian traditional and folklore medicine in the treatment of various nervous, hepatic, and renal diseases. In the present study, whole seeds of the herb were prepared and evaluated for hypolipidemic activities using an animal model. Materials and Methods: Animals were fed normal diets or diets supplemented with cholesterol (0.5%) for 12 weeks to evoke hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, hypercholesterolemic animals were treated with different doses of whole seeds of Balangu (0, 5, 10, and 20%) for 12 weeks. Results: Results showed that the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased in all groups treated with Balangu seeds pConclusions: Our results showed that L. royleana seeds decreased the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic animals but led to the increase of atherogenic index in all treated groups