Determinação da composição mineral de subprodutos agroindustriais utilizados na alimentação animal, pela técnica de ativação neutrônica

This study aimed to analyze some agroindustrial by-products used to feed animals in order to identify the presence of the main minerals. Samples of cotton seed meal, rice, canola, soybean and wheat; fish meal, feather meal, meat meal, feather plus viscera meal; rinds of cotton, rice, orange; citrus pulp and tomato residue were collected in different sites of production of the by-products. The method of analysis used was the neutron activation followed by gamma ray spectrometry. The levels of minerals found in all samples were compared with the levels commonly found in forages. The mineral concentration, even those of the toxic elements, as As, Cd and Hg, was at low level and did not exceed the maximum tolerable levels for domestic animals.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar alguns subprodutos agroindustriais utilizados na alimentação animal e identificar os principais minerais presentes. Amostras de farelos de algodão, arroz, canola, soja e trigo; farinhas de peixe, carne e penas + vísceras; cascas de algodão, arroz, laranja; bagaços de tomate e de laranja foram coletadas em diferentes locais de produção. O método analítico empregado foi a análise por ativação com nêutrons seguida de espectrometria gama. Os níveis de minerais encontrados em todas as amostras, inclusive aqueles considerados tóxicos, tais como As, Cd e Hg, não excederam os limites máximos permitidos em dietas para animais domésticos. Os valores obtidos foram comparados com os comumente encontrados em forragens

Efeitos da substituição da gordura do leite por gordura de soja no crescimento de bezerros

The effects on calf performance of two sources of fat (milk fat and hydrogenated soybean oil) were studied in a series of eleven experiments. Twenty male holstein calves were used in a randomized block design with 10 replications. The experimental periods lasted from the 13th to the 89th days after birth. There were two treatments: hydrogenated soybean oil added to reconstituted powdered skim milk and reconstituted whole powdered milk. In addition to the liquid diets the animals were offered a commercial starter (24.4% crude protein), alfalfa hay (18,5% crude protein) and mineral mix. The results showed no difference on the overall body development between the two treatments. The average daily weight gains during the first month ranged from 146g to 327 g, and from 384g to 944 g during the remaining of the experimental period. The dry matter and protein intakes were somewhat higher than those recommended by NRC whereas the TDN was similar to the values published by the NRC. The measurements on wither height and hearth girth were of little aid to evaluate calf growth weekly.Para testar o efeito da substituição da gordura do leite por gordura hidrogenada de soja, 20 bezerros, machos, holandeses, foram usados em um grupo de 11 experimentos delineados em bloco ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e 10 repetições num período compreendido entre o 13° e o 89° dia de vida. Além do sucedâneo 1, constituído de leite desnatado em pó acrescido de gordura hidrogenada de soja, ou de sucedâneo 2, constituído de leite integral em pó, os animais recebiam um concentrado comercial (24,4% de proteína à base de M.S.) feno de alfafa moído (18,5% de proteína à base de M.S.) e mistura mineral.Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a gordura hidrogenada de soja possibilitou um desenvolvimento corporal dos bezerros semelhante ao conseguido através da gordura do leite. Os ganhos de peso variaramentre 0,146kg e 0.327kg no primeiro mês e entre 0,384kg e 0,944kg no restante do período. O consumo de proteína e matéria seca mostrou-se ligeiramente superior ao preconizado pelas Normas de Alimentação, e o de nutrientes digestíveis totais, praticamente igual. As medições de altura da cernelha e o perímetro toráxico mostraram pouca sensibilidade para avaliar o crescimento em períodos de tempo curtos como uma semana

Absorção de cátions e ânions pelo capim-coastcross adubado com uréia e nitrato de amônio

Physiologic processes of plants are affected by uptake of cations and anions. The aim of this work was to determine the uptake of cations and anions when plants of coastcross grass received high doses of nitrogen. The experimental design was a randomized block, in a 2x5 factorial arrangement – two N sources: urea and ammonium nitrate and five N rates: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha-1 cutting-1 – with four replications. Treatments were applied after each of five consecutive cutting in the rainy season. Uptake of cations and anions by coastcross grass increased with increasing of N rates with both fertilizers, but was higher with ammonium nitrate. Increasing rates of N caused higher K+ uptake in relation to other cations, and in Cl- among the anions. Except for N, K+ uptake was greater than that of other nutrients, with a reduction on the relative content of Ca2+. High doses of N as urea or ammonium nitrate applied on coastcross grass favor absorption of cations and anions.Os processos fisiológicos das plantas são afetados pelo balanço de cátions e ânions absorvidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a absorção de cátions e ânions quando plantas de capim-coastcross receberam doses elevadas de nitrogênio. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 2x5 – duas fontes de N: uréia e nitrato de amônio, e cinco doses de N: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1 corte-1. As doses de N foram aplicadas após cada corte num total de cinco cortes, durante a época das chuvas. A absorção de cátions e de ânions pelo capim-coastcross aumentou com o acréscimo das doses de N dos dois fertilizantes, sendo maior com o nitrato de amônio. Com doses crescentes de N, verificou-se entre os cátions maior absorção do K+, e do Cl- entre os ânions. Com exceção do N, a absorção do K+ foi superior à dos demais nutrientes, com redução no teor relativo de cálcio. Doses altas de N aplicadas em capim-coastcross, na forma de uréia ou de nitrato de amônio, favorecem a absorção de cátions e de ânions

Degradabilidade ruminal do amido de silagem de milho, farelo de soja e sorgo grão, em bovinos da raça Nelore

Four Bos indicus (Nellore) ruminally-fistulated animals, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg, were used in a randomized block design to study the ruminal degradability of starch in corn silage, soybean meal, and sorghum grain. The experimental diets consisted of two levels of concentrate (18 and 39%) plus corn silage. The concentrate ingredients used were soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain, and sorghum grain. The degradation rate of sorghum grain increased 40.2% in diet 2 . The potential degradability of starch (PDS) was similar in the two diets. There was no difference between the two diets in the effective degradability of starch (EDS) in corn silage. There was a significant increase of 26.5% in the EDS of starch in sorghum grain with the increase of level of concentrate in the diet, and considering the lag time in the calculation. The starch level estimated in this study was lower than the values cited in the literature, probably due to different laboratory methods for determining the starch content in feedstuffs. Previous studies suggested using a minimum of 6 incubation intervals between 2 and 24 hours

Absorção de cátions e ânions pelo capim-coastcross adubado com uréia e nitrato de amônio

Os processos fisiológicos das plantas são afetados pelo balanço de cátions e ânions absorvidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a absorção de cátions e ânions quando plantas de capim-coastcross receberam doses elevadas de nitrogênio. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 2x5 - duas fontes de N: uréia e nitrato de amônio, e cinco doses de N: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1 corte-1 . As doses de N foram aplicadas após cada corte num total de cinco cortes, durante a época das chuvas. A absorção de cátions e de ânions pelo capim-coastcross aumentou com o acréscimo das doses de N dos dois fertilizantes, sendo maior com o nitrato de amônio. Com doses crescentes de N, verificou-se entre os cátions maior absorção do K+, e do Cl- entre os ânions. Com exceção do N, a absorção do K+ foi superior à dos demais nutrientes, com redução no teor relativo de cálcio. Doses altas de N aplicadas em capim-coastcross, na forma de uréia ou de nitrato de amônio, favorecem a absorção de cátions e de ânions

Degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca e da fração protéica da silagem de milho, do farelo de soja e do sorgo grão, em bovinos da raça nelore. Comparação com os dados obtidos pelo CNCPS

The nylon bag in situ degradation thecnique was employed to compare the data of the CNCPS to the ruminal degradability of the dry matter and crude protein in corn silage, soybean meal and sorghum grain, in four rumen fistulated Nellore steers, averaging 36 months of age and 520 kg of liveweight. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, where animals constituted the blocks. Two levels of concentrate, 18 and 39 %, were used in the diets. The forage used in the diets was corn silage and the concentrate ingredients were: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn grain and sorghum grain. There was a reduction in the potentially by degradable fraction (B) of the dry matter(DM) of the corn silage and sorghum grain with an increase in the concentrate level of the diet; however, the degradation rate(c) of the silage was similar for the two diets and the sorghum grain showed an increase of 28.4 %. The B fraction of the DM from the soybean meal was not affected by the diet, but its rate (c) was reduced by 18.1 %. The same effect was observed for the rate(c) of crude protein(CP) of the soybean meal, with a reduction of 38.1 %. The values for the effective degradability of the two fractions were not affected by the diet when the lag time was not considered. When lag time was considered, the degradability values of the studied feeds were superior in both fractions