Components of renin angiotensin-system in perivascular adipose tissue in thoracic aortic and mesenteric bed: alterations promoted by high-fat diet obesity.

A obesidade é caracterizada por inflamação no tecido adiposo. A angiotensina II via receptor AT1 induz estresse oxidativo e inflamação vascular. O tecido adiposo perivascular (PVAT) circunda os vasos sanguíneos, possui ação parácrina na parede vascular e é classificado como marrom e branco, sendo que este último é mais propenso à inflamação. No presente estudo, avaliamos os compenentes do sistema renina-angiotensina no PVAT marrom (da aorta torácica - AT) e branco (do leito mesentérico LM) de camundongos controles (CT) e obesos (OB). O RNAm para angiotensinogênio tanto no PVAT marrom quanto no PVAT branco foi reduzido em camundongos OB. A atividade enzimática da ECA 1 foi reduzida no PVAT-marrom do grupo OB em comparação ao grupo CT e foi semelhante no PVAT branco dos dois grupos. No PVAT marrom, o conteúdo proteico do receptor AT1 (AT1R) foi semelhante nos grupos CT e OB e o receptor AT2 (AT2R) não foi detectado no PVAT dos dois grupos. No PVAT branco, o conteúdo proteico dos receptores AT1 e AT2 foi aumentado no grupo OB. A expressão de RNAm do receptor CCR2 de MCP-1 (proteína quimiotáxica de monócitos) no PVAT marrom foi semelhante nos dois grupos, mas foi aumentada no PVAT branco do grupo OB. O conteúdo proteico da MCP1 foi aumentado no PVAT branco do grupo OB em relação ao grupo CT. O tratamento de camundongos OB com antagonista de receptor AT1 de angiotensina II (losartana; 10 mg/kg) por 30 dias, não reverteu os parâmetros que caracterizam a obesidade e não diminuiu a expressão de MCP-1 no PVAT branco. Em relação aos componentes do sistema renina-angiotensina, o PVAT marrom e o PVAT branco respondem de maneira diferente à obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipídica.Obesity is characterized by inflammation in adipose tissue. Angiotensin II/AT1 receptor pathway induces oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. Perivascular adipose tissue surrounds blood vessels and has paracrine actions in the vascular wall. It is classified as brown and white being the last one more willing to inflammation. In the present study, we evaluated the components of renin angiotensin-system in brown (thoracic aortic - TA) and white (mesenteric bed MB) PVAT in lean (CT) as well as in obese mice (OB). RNAm content of angiotensinogen in brown and white PVAT was reduced in obese mice. ACE1 activity was lower in brown PVAT of OB group in comparison to CT group and it was similar to white PVAT in both groups. In brown PVAT, protein content of AT1 receptor (AT1R) was similar to CT and OB groups and AT2 receptor (AT2R) was not detected in both groups. In white PVAT, protein contents of AT1R and AT2R were increased in obese group. RNAm expression of CCR2 receptor from MCP1 (monocytes chemoctatic protein 1) in brown PVAT was similar to both groups; however, it was increased in white PVAT in OB group. Protein content of MCP1 was increased in white PVAT in OB group. Treatment in obese mice with angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) (losartan; 10 mg/kg) for 30 days did not reverse the parameters which characterize obesity and did not diminish MCP-1 expression in white PVAT. In relation to the components of renin angiotensinsystem, brown and white PVAT responded differently to high-fat diet obesity

Therapeutic Potential of Brazilian Cerrado Campomanesia Species on Metabolic Dysfunctions

Obesity, in conjunction with other metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, is a feature of metabolic syndrome which is characterized by a pro-inflammatory state and increased oxidative stress. Therefore, antioxidant foods are proposed to prevent and treat these disorders. Medicinal plants are one of the main strategies in this regard. Guavira, a Brazilian Cerrado plant, contains different bioactive compounds with a high antioxidant capacity and without clinical or reproductive toxicity effects. Though there are different varieties of guavira, the principal Brazilian Cerrado guaviras demonstrated hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic actions. There is also a potential antiplatelet agent in C. xanthocarpa, while C. adamantium displayed hypocholesterolemic actions in animal models and human clinical trials. On the other hand, even with a lack of studies related to C. pubescens, it demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and an antioxidant capacity in in vitro studies. Despite the fact that most of the studies were not performed to evaluate pathological conditions specific to obese animal models or obese subjects, guavira demonstrated effects in metabolic disorders that are commonly related to the obesity context, such as cardiovascular disturbances and hyperglycemia status. This suggests that guavira is a potential therapeutic approach to obesity-induced metabolic syndrome

Fatty Acids Consumption: The Role Metabolic Aspects Involved in Obesity and Its Associated Disorders

Obesity and its associated disorders, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic inflammation, dysbiosis, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, are involved in several molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that alter the metabolism. Food habit changes, such as the quality of fatty acids in the diet, are proposed to treat and prevent these disorders. Some studies demonstrated that saturated fatty acids (SFA) are considered detrimental for treating these disorders. A high fat diet rich in palmitic acid, a SFA, is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and it may also increase atherosclerosis parameters. On the other hand, a high intake of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids may promote positive effects, especially on triglyceride levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are effective at limiting the hepatic steatosis process through a series of biochemical events, such as reducing the markers of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, increasing the gene expression of lipid metabolism, decreasing lipogenic activity, and releasing adiponectin. This current review shows that the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids, MUFA, and PUFA, and especially EPA and DHA, which can be applied as food supplements, may promote effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as on metabolic inflammation, gut microbiota, and hepatic metabolism

An Overview of Novel Dietary Supplements and Food Ingredients in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by interconnected factors related to metabolic disturbances, and is directly related to the occurrence of some diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. MetS is described as one or both of insulin resistance and visceral adiposity, considered the initial causes of abnormalities that include hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and prothrombotic state, as well as polycystic ovarian syndrome in women. Other than in MetS, visceral adiposity and the pro-inflammatory state are also key in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in modern society. Both MetS and NAFLD are related to diet and lifestyle, and their treatment may be influenced by dietary pattern changes and the use of certain dietary supplements. This study aimed to review the role of food ingredients and supplements in the management of MetS and NAFLD specifically in human clinical trials. Moreover, bioactive compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be used as strategies for preventing the onset of and treatment of metabolic disorders, such as MetS and NAFLD, improving the inflammatory state and other comorbidities, such as obesity, dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD)