Case Report: Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections transmitted by reptiles and amphibians

Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections (NTSI) can cause bacterial diarrhea, mostly leading to self-limiting gastroenteritis. However, in at-risk populations, NTSI can have severe complications. As transmission is most commonly foodborne, infection is rare in the breast- or bottle-fed very young. Another route is increasingly implicated, however, in newborns and infants especially: Contact with reptiles and amphibians. We describe infection with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Monschaui (S. Monschaui), transmitted from bearded dragons, in a three-week-old boy. The boy initially appeared well, on the next morning deterioration was dramatic, with tachypnea, tachycardia, and mottled skin. Gram-negative sepsis was documented on day 2. His case prompted a review of published instances of reptile- and amphibian-associated salmonellosis (RAAS), summarized here. Association of S. Monschaui infection with exposure to reptiles and amphibians prompted inquiry into household pets. The parents had kept bearded dragons (Pogona sp.), the last of which died two weeks before the patient was born; confirmation of colonization with S. Monschaui was thus precluded. Among 63 reports (−5,000 cases) of RAAS or S. Monschaui, 62 appeared between 1995 and 2022, 10 were single case reports, and 53 were original articles with −5,000 cases; vectors included turtles, frogs, lizards, and snakes. RAAS is not a new phenomenon, but its incidence recently has risen due to the increased popularity of reptiles and amphibians as non-traditional pets. These animals can carry Salmonella sp. and transmit it to humans, posing a risk particularly to infants and other vulnerable persons. Risk mitigation requires that those bringing such pets into the home be informed of dangers associated with reptile and amphibian contact; that those selling reptiles and amphibians be mandated to inform customers comprehensively may be in order

Narrativas e encontros: a negação da escolarização em histórias cotidianas de mulheres

Caminhos percorridos em conversas cotidianas antes da construção desta tese propiciaram a construção de uma dissertação de mestrado. Destas conversas emergiram narrativas que traziam vozes e histórias de mulheres oriundas das classes populares. Esta tese tem seus caminhos constituídos através de narrativas de mulheres pobres, negras e sem escolarização. Ela intenta mostrar que os caminhos percorridos rumo ao desejo e ao direito de uma escolarização negada constituem experiências tatuadas em vozes femininas. A elaboração narrativa e a construção dessas histórias desafiam narradoras e ouvinte (inclusivamente a pesquisadora) a perceberem que, uma vez exposta, a experiência narrada se encaminha rumo a outras experiências que passam a ser compartilhadas. As narrativas trazidas para a presente tese mostram a inevitável construção de redes entrelaçadas de vozes dentro do mesmo texto na luta necessária e expressiva em prol do direito primordial rumo à emancipação. Dessas narrativas emergem as presenças e ausências, as queixas, os protestos, as denúncias, mas também os sonhos, as lutas, a força e a resistência. É notória, nessas histórias, a persistência dessas mulheres participantes da pesquisa que cientes de sua incompletude, assume-se como tal, na busca e na briga por um horizonte possível de transformaçãoCapesPaths taken in everyday conversations before the construction of this thesis led to the construction of a master's thesis. From these conversations, narratives emerged that brought voices and stories of women from the popular classes. This thesis has its paths constituted through the narratives of poor, black and uneducated women. She intends to show that the paths taken towards the desire and right to a denied schooling are experiences tattooed in female voices. The narrative elaboration and construction of these stories challenge narrators and listeners (including the researcher) to realize that, once exposed, the narrated experience moves towards other experiences that start to be shared. The narratives brought to this thesis show the inevitable construction of intertwined networks of voices within the same text in the necessary and expressive struggle for the primordial right towards emancipation. From these narratives emerge the presences and absences, complaints, protests, denunciations, but also dreams, struggles, strength and resistance. In these stories, the persistence of these women participating in the research is notorious, who, aware of their incompleteness, assume themselves as such, in the search and struggle for a possible horizon of transformation224 f

Optimization of the Alizarin Red S Assay by Enhancing Mineralization of Osteoblasts

The alizarin red S assay is considered the gold standard for quantification of osteoblast mineralization and is thus widely used among scientists. However, there are several restrictions to this method, e.g., moderate sensitivity makes it difficult to uncover slight but significant effects of potentially clinically relevant substances. Therefore, an adaptation of the staining method is appropriate and might be obtained by increasing the mineralization ability of osteoblasts. In this study, cell culture experiments with human (SaOs-2) and murine (MC3T3-E1) osteoblasts were performed under the addition of increasing concentrations of calcium chloride (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM) or calcitonin (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 nM). After three or four weeks, the mineralization matrix was stained with alizarin red S and the concentration was quantified photometrically. Only calcium chloride was able to significantly increase mineralization, and therefore enhanced the sensitivity of the alizarin red S staining in a dose-dependent manner in both osteoblastic cell lines as well as independent of the cell culture well surface area. This cost- and time-efficient optimization enables a more sensitive analysis of potentially clinically relevant substances in future bone research

A Systematic Approach to Thermochemical Treatment of Municipal Household Solid Waste into Valuable Products: Analysis of Routes, Gravimetric Analysis, Pre-Treatment of Solid Mixtures, Thermochemical Processes, and Characterization of Bio-Oils and Bio-Adsorbents

This work aims to investigate the effect of process temperature and catalyst content by pyrolysis and thermal catalytic cracking of (organic matter + paper) fraction from municipal household solid waste (MHSW) on the yields of reaction products (bio-oil, bio-char, H2O, and gas), acid value, chemical composition of bio-oils, and characterization of bio-chars in laboratory scale. The collecting sectors of MHSW in the municipality of Belém-Pará-Brazil were chosen based on geographic and socio-economic database. The MHSW collected and transported to the segregation area. The gravimetric analysis of MHSW was carried out and the fractions (Paper, Cardboard, Tetra Pack, Hard Plastic, Soft Plastic, Metal, Glass, Organic Matter, and Inert) were separated. The selected organic matter and paper were submitted to pre-treatment of crushing, drying, and sieving. The experiments carried out at 400, 450, and 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, and at 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% (wt.) Ca(OH)2, in batch mode. The bio-oil was characterized for acid value. The chemical functions present in bio-oil were identified by FT-IR and the composition was identified by GC-MS. The bio-char was characterized by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD. The variance in mass (wt.%) for organic fractions of municipal household solid waste (OFMHSW), between 56.21 and 67.45% (wt.), lies with the interval of 56% (wt.) and 64% (wt.) of OFMHSW for middle- and low-income countries. The pyrolysis of MHSW fraction (organic matter + paper) shows bio-oil yields between 2.63 and 9.41% (wt.), aqueous phase yields between 28.58 and 35.08% (wt.), solid phase yields between 35.29 and 45.75% (wt.), and gas yields between 16.54 and 26.72% (wt.). The bio-oil yield increases with pyrolysis temperature. For the catalytic cracking, the bio-oil and gas yields increase slightly with CaO content, while that of bio-char decreases, and the H2O phase remains constant. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, alcohols, phenols, and aldehydes), as well as compounds containing nitrogen, including amides and amines. The acidity of bio-oil decreases with increasing process temperature and with aid Ca(OH)2 as a catalyst. The concentration of hydrocarbons in bio-oil increases with increasing Ca(OH)2-to-OFMHSW fraction ratio due to the catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acid molecules, by means of decarboxylation/decarbonylation, producing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons