In vivo nematicidal potential of camel milk on Heligmosomoides polygyrus gastro-intestinal nematode of rodents

Following our previous fi ndings on the in vitro anthelmintic effect of camel milk on Haemonchus contortus, the current study aimed at investigating its in vivo effect. Investigations were carried out using mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus which is a parasite commonly used to test the effi cacy of anthelmintics. Thirty six Swiss white mice of both sexes aged 5 – 6 weeks old, and weighing between 20 and 25 g were orally infected with 0.5 ml dose of 100, 1-week-old H. polygyrus infective larvae (L3 ). After the pre-patent period, infected animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. The nematicidal effi cacy of camel milk was monitored through faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Four doses (8.25; 16.5; 33.0; 66.0 ml/kg body weight (bw)) for fresh camel milk and 22 mg/kg bw for albendazole were studied using a bioassay. Albendazole and 4 % dimethylsulfoxide were included in the protocol as reference drug and placebo, respectively. For all tested doses except 8.25 ml/kg bw, camel milk was effective in vivo against H. polygyrus reducing both faecal egg count and worm count (p < 0.05). The dose 66 ml/kg bw showed the highest nematicidal activity causing a 76.75 % FECR and a 69.62 % TWCR 7 day after initiating the treatment. These results support the possible use of camel milk in the control of gastro-intestinal helminthiasis

Novel 6-aryl-7-alkyl/aryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,3,5]triazine-5(6H)-thiones, processes for their preparation, characterization and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant activity

ABSTRACT. A series of nine new 6-aryl-7-alkyl/aryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,3,5]triazine-5(6H)-thiones (2a-i) were synthesized by a reaction of N-triazol-3-yl imidates (1) with three different isothiocyanate derivatives (RNCS)  in refluxing toluene. The structures of the final heterocyclic compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and mass spectral analysis. The target compounds (2a-i) were in vitro screened for their activity as antioxidants using DPPH (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) methods. The results revealed that some triazolotriazine-5-(6H)thiones exhibited antioxidant activity ranging from moderate to high. The obtained findings revealed that the triazolotriazine-5-(6H)thiones (2g, 2h, and 2i) have superiority among all compounds, It is obvious that the presence of a hydroxyl group in the structure is essential for the antioxidant properties and should be taken into consideration in further design of structures with potential antioxidant properties.                     KEY WORDS: Imidates, Isothiocyanates, Antioxidant, Triazole, DPPH, FRAP   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(3), 565-572. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i3.

Time Dependence of Brans-Dicke Parameter w for an Expanding Universe

We have studied the time dependence of w for an expanding universe in the generalised B-D theory and have obtained its explicit dependence on the nature of matter contained in the universe,in different era.Lastly we discuss how the observed accelerated expansion of the present universe can be accomodated in the formalism.Comment: 10 pages,No figure

The Abnormally Weighting Energy Hypothesis: the Missing Link between Dark Matter and Dark Energy

We generalize tensor-scalar theories of gravitation by the introduction of an abnormally weighting type of energy. This theory of tensor-scalar anomalous gravity is based on a relaxation of the weak equivalence principle that is now restricted to ordinary visible matter only. As a consequence, the convergence mechanism toward general relativity is modified and produces naturally cosmic acceleration as an inescapable gravitational feedback induced by the mass-variation of some invisible sector. The cosmological implications of this new theoretical framework are studied. From the Hubble diagram cosmological test \textit{alone}, this theory provides an estimation of the amount of baryons and dark matter in the Universe that is consistent with the independent cosmological tests of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). Cosmic coincidence is naturally achieved from a equally natural assumption on the amplitude of the scalar coupling strength. Finally, from the adequacy to supernovae data, we derive a new intriguing relation between the space-time dependences of the gravitational coupling and the dark matter mass, providing an example of crucial constraint on microphysics from cosmology. This glimpses at an enticing new symmetry between the visible and invisible sectors, namely that the scalar charges of visible and invisible matter are exactly opposite.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, new version with extended discussions and added references. Accepted for publication in JCAP (sept. 2008

Models of G time variations in diverse dimensions

A review of different cosmological models in diverse dimensions leading to a relatively small time variation of the effective gravitational constant G is presented. Among them: 4-dimensional general scalar-tensor model, multidimensional vacuum model with two curved Einstein spaces, multidimensional model with multicomponent anisotropic "perfect fluid", S-brane model with scalar fields and two form field etc. It is shown that there exist different possible ways of explanation of relatively small time variation of the effective gravitational constant G compatible with present cosmological data (e.g. acceleration): 4-dimensional scalar-tensor theories or multidimensional cosmological models with different matter sources. The experimental bounds on G-dot may be satisfied ether in some restricted interval or for all allowed values of the synchronous time variable.Comment: 27 pages, Late