Supplementary Video

A supplementary video documentation of the nectarivory of <i>Gehyra mutilata </i>on <i>C. cujete </i>tre

Impact of Striped-Squirrel Nectar-Robbing Behaviour on Gender Fitness in <i>Alpinia roxburghii</i> Sweet (Zingiberaceae)

<div><p>Nectar-robbing has the potential to strongly affect male and female reproductive fitness of plants. One example of nectar theft is that shown by striped-squirrels (<i>Tamiops swinhoei</i>) on a number of ginger species, including <i>Alpinia roxburghii</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>kwangsiensis</i> (Zingiberaceae). In this study, we used a fluorescent dye as a pollen analogue, and measured fruit and seed output, to test the effect of squirrel nectar-robbing on <i>A</i>. <i>roxburghii</i> reproductive fitness. Pollen transfer between robbed and unrobbed flowers was assessed by comparing 60 randomly established plots containing robbed and unrobbed flowers. The frequency of squirrel robbing visits and broken styles were recorded from a number of flowers for five consecutive days. Two bee species (<i>Bombus eximius</i> and <i>Apis cerana)</i>, were the primary pollinators, and their visitation frequency was recorded for six consecutive days. The results showed that fluorescent powder from unrobbed flowers was dispersed further, and to a greater number of flowers than that placed on robbed flowers. Additionally, robbing flowers caused significant damage to reproductive organs, resulting in lower fruit and seed sets in robbed than in unrobbed flowers and influencing both male and female fitness. The frequency of the primary pollinator visits (<i>B</i>. <i>eximius</i>) was significantly higher for unrobbed plants than for robbed plants. The present study clearly shows the negative impact of squirrel robbing on <i>A</i>. <i>roxburghii</i> male reproductive fitness and neutral impact on female reproductive fitness.</p></div

Main pollinators (A) <i>Bombus eximius and</i> (B) <i>Apis cerana</i> pollinating <i>A</i>. <i>roxburghii</i> flowers.

<p>Main pollinators (A) <i>Bombus eximius and</i> (B) <i>Apis cerana</i> pollinating <i>A</i>. <i>roxburghii</i> flowers.</p

(a) Posterior means of florescent powder dispersal probability (%) among robbed (closed circles) and unrobbed (open circles) plots. (b) Effects of robbing on florescent powder dispersal probability (c) Effects of distances on florescent powder dispersal probability.

<p>The effects of distances were calculated with respect to that measured for 0–2 m (i.e., the effect for 0–2 m was set to zero and was used as a benchmark). Bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the posterior distribution in each figure.</p

Effect of nectar-robbers on (a) fruit and (b) seed set in <i>Alpinia roxburghii</i>.

<p>Open and closed circles represent posterior means and bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the posterior distribution.</p

(A) Posterior means of numbers of <i>Bombus eximius</i> (open circles) and <i>Apis cerana</i> (closed circles) between robbed and unrobbed plots. (B) Effects of pollinators indicates the effect of <i>Apis cerana</i> was set to zero. (C) Effects of robbing. (D) Interactions of robbing and pollinators, and their effects.

<p>Bars represent the 95% confidence interval of the posterior distribution in each figure.</p

The relationship between (a) number of inflorescences and number of robbed flowers per inflorescence (b) number of robbed flowers and number of broken styles per robbed flowers by striped- squirrels.

<p>The relationship between (a) number of inflorescences and number of robbed flowers per inflorescence (b) number of robbed flowers and number of broken styles per robbed flowers by striped- squirrels.</p

Flow chart of the analysis performed in this paper.

<p>Flow chart of the analysis performed in this paper.</p

Study area.

<p>A) Boundary of the study area. B) Elevation with names of major mountain ranges. C) Protected Areas from WDPA. D) Forest cover according to our definition. E) Forest classified by ESA. F) Comparison between the two forest maps.</p

Numbers of species that have <10% or >80% of their refined ranges protected.

<p>Numbers of species that have <10% or >80% of their refined ranges protected.</p