Biofilm formation and time course study on growth of saprophytic leptospira

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease carried by animals especially rodent as the host caused by Leptospira that can be transmitted through contaminated environmental surface water. Leptospires exist as saprophytic organisms that are aquatic or as pathogen that are able to survive in water and other sources such as soil, and rat. The main aim for this study is to determine the relationship between contact time and biofilm formation of saprophytic Leptospira. A total of six saprophytic Leptospira strains were used in this study. Quantification of biofilm was done by crystal violet assay in 24-well plates for every 24 hour based on the value of optical density at 600 Mn. Saprophytic leptospires form biofilm from day 3 until day 5 with 1.916 as the highest optical density and correlate with colour intensity at the bottom of the well plates. Visualization of biofilm by phase-contrast microscopy of two representative saprophytic strain show a relationship with the data obtained and colour intensity of stained well plates. The current knowledge from this study helps for better understanding on contact time of biofilm formation by saprophytic Leptospira

Termite fauna of Sungai Kangkawat, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA), Sabah

Termites are important inhabitants of the tropical rain forest, and they are commonly found in tropical soils. They have great importance in tropical terrestrial ecosystems especially in the decomposition process, mediate ecosystem processes and facilitate to improve the structure and quality of the soil. This study was conducted to identify the termite fauna of Sungai Kangkawat, Imbak Canyon Conservation Area (ICCA). Termites were collected using a standardized 100mx2m line transect at South Rim Trail and also through casual collection around the study site. A total of 31 termite species were recorded in this study. The termite assemblage comprises two families namely, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae. Family Termitidae dominated the termite assemblage with 87.1% (27 species). The collected termite species in this study comprises 30% of recorded termite species of Sabah. Seven subfamilies that are commonly recorded in the tropical forest were identified in this study. Subfamily Termitinae and Nasutitermitinae from family Termitidae dominated the termite assemblage of Sungai Kangkawat with 12 species and ten species respectively. The previous study conducted at ICCA recorded 29 species which have 43.9% similarity with the current study. A total of 12 species were identified as new records for ICCA through this study. Hence, the total number of termite species of ICCA is 41. This study has provided the checklist of termite fauna in Sungai Kangkawat and updated the termite checklist of ICCA