Evaluation of the Potential Use of Waste Tires as Supplementary Fuel in Jordan Cement Industry

Although scrap tires can cause serious environmental problems, their use as an energy source in cement industry could save considerable amounts of money. The total generated scrap tires in Jordan is estimated to be 7,862,968 per year. The elemental analysis showed that 81% of waste tires was carbon and the average of the measured lower heating value was 33845 kj/kg.  Jordan has seven cement factories that produce about 14.1 million tons of cement and consume about 987000 tons of crude oil which costs about 661 million dollars. The study analyzed the use of waste tires as supplementary fuel in cement industry in Jordan. Results showed that savings could reach 6.29 million dollars if we used 20% of the generated waste tires per year in cement industry and 31.43 if the whole generated waste tires (100%) was used in cement industry.Â

Determination of some physico-thermal and mechanical characteristics of hydrated Jordanian Lajjun oil shale ash

The hydration of oil shale ash at different water-to-ash weight (W/A) ratios ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 was experimentally investigated. The ash hydrateâs physical characteristics, its particlesâ elemental composition, and the existing crystalline phases were identified using N2 Brunauer-Emmerich-Teller (N2-BET), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) measurement techniques. The formed hydration cementitious products were found to be stratlingite (2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2·8H2O), ettringite (6CaO·Al2O3·3SiO3·32H2O), and melilite (2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2 ) in the oil shale ash hydrated at W/A = 0.6. These same phases with different relative amounts were found in the oil shale ash hydrated at W/A = 0.8 in addition to calcium silicate hydrates (CSH). The drop in the physico-thermal properties (bulk density and thermal conductivity) of the hydrated ash was attributed to the formation of cementitious products, mainly to stratlingite, melilite, and ettringite. The hydrated ashâs mechanical properties (bending and compressive strengths) were found to increase at higher W/A due to the formation of cementing materials, particularly CSH

A Quantitative Approach to Estimate the Damage Inflicted by Traffic Pollution on Historic Buildings in Al-Salt City, Jordan

Traffic in the city of Al-Salt is not only putting pedestrians at risk and threatening the health of citizens, it is also damaging the town's historic buildings. Most stone buildings in the heritage-rich city are suffering adverse effects from vehicle-related pollution. This effect is highly visible soiling and discoloration from deposited carbon particles in the form of fine soot on most buildings. The level and progress of the damage depends on the geology of the stone and the proximity of the structure from traffic congestion. The accumulation of soot leads to the buildup of black sulfate (gypsum) skins on the limestone facade which causes the sound stone behind it to disintegrate. It is vital to the well-being of this historic treasure that the volume of the city traffic must be reduced and traffic flow improved. The main objective of this study is to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the damage caused to buildings of historical and cultural value by traffic pollution. Age of vehicles running on city’s streets and the rate of their emissions are quantified and analyzed. Several field investigations and laboratory tests were conducted to identify the chemical relations between pollutants and stone decay on these buildings. Keywords: Traffic pollution, tailpipe emission, vehicular emission, historic buildings, limeston

The importance of teaching popular proverbs to non-Arabic speakers and their role in integrating them into the culture of society and developing their communication skill (University of Jordan students as a model)

This study aims at exploring the importance of teaching Arabic idioms for speakers of other languages and its role in immersing the students in the culture of the society and developing their communication skill (University of Jordan students as a model. The study used the descriptive methodology and case study. The sample of the study consists of students of other languages at the University of Jordan, trying to discover to what extent they need these idioms and to discover their role in immersing these students in the Arab society. The study concluded that students need to learn idioms to enable them to effectively communicate with native speakers and to be immersed in their culture

An overview of the Jordanian oil shale: its chemical and geologic characteristics, exploration, reserves and feasibility for oil and cement production

Abstract Oil shale is the most abundant fossil energy resource discovered in Jordan, ranking third after the USA and Brazil in terms of oil shale reserves. This asset is considered to be Jordan's most extensive domestic fossil-fuel source. The identified reserves of this oil shale are huge and sufficient to satisfy the national energy needs for hundreds of years. Numerous geologic studies have shown that the country contains several oil shale deposits. These deposits are regarded as the richest in organic bituminous marl and limestone that occur at shallow depth. Jordanian oil shale is generally of a good quality, with relatively low ash and moisture contents, a gross calorific value of 7.5 MJ/kg, and an oil yield of 8 to 12%. The spent shale has residual carbon content that may be burned to produce further energy, and ash that can be used for cement and building materials. The current study summarizes the results of the former feasibility studies and discuses the scope of future usage of Jordanian oil shale. The value of this oil shale and its associated products is highlighted herein

The Interchange Between the Arabs and the West: a Thematic Study in the Modern Arabic Novel, 1935--1985.

This study deals with the interchange between the Arabs and the West in the context of the cultural, political and economic encounters depicted in the Arabic novels of the Near East in the period 1935-1985. The questions addressed in the study include how the Arab novelists, through their protagonists, perceive Western culture, the reaction of the Arab character to his contact with the West, how Arab and Islamic values are depicted as differing from those of the West, how the ideas of the West are transferred to the Arab world, and their impact there. The study compares each of the major themes used in several novels. The introduction (Chapter One) gives a review of the literature and a brief outline. The next five chapters each discuss separate themes and topics. Chapter Two discusses the fictional works of the 19th century. The third chapter examines the Arab character's motivations for going to the West and depicts his reactions to Western civilization. The fourth chapter explores the ways in which the advanced West enables the Arab character to discover the shortcomings and defects in his own culture. Chapter Five compares Arab and Western religious and social values and the positions of women. The final chapter examines the influence and impact of the West on the Arab world.Ph.D.Middle Eastern literatureUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/161587/1/8720337.pd

Thermodynamic characteristics of the aliphatic polyamide crystal structures: Enhancement of nylon 66α, 610α and 77γ polymers

Despite the polymer industry's reliance on nylon polymers, numerous questions remain about their crystal structures, modeling, and other features. This work discusses the thermodynamic properties and molecular modeling of a polyamides nylon 66α, 610α, and 77γ crystal structure systems for use in various electronics and Nano-devices that feature distinct properties such as exceptional optoelectronic properties at a low cost compared to other structures. This study looked at the crystal structure of a linear polyamide chain made up of repeating units. The influence of the thermal expansion coefficient and thermodynamic parameters on crystal structures' characteristics at different temperatures has previously been explored. The findings of this study demonstrate, on the one hand, the influence of the amorphous phase on the final thermodynamic characteristics of semi-crystalline polymers and, on the other hand, pave the way for greater improvement in the durability of these polymers by increasing their crystalline features. The values of the thermodynamic parameters for nylon 66α, 610α and 77γ such as enthalpy (ΔHExp.) were 35.08, 40.25, and 1.44 kJ/mol, entropy (ΔSExp.) 113.75, 128.84, and 15.10 J/mol-K, free energy (ΔGExp.) was −44.57, −46.62, and −6.86 kJ/mol, respectively. When the nylon data is compared, the nylon 610α exhibits a significantly higher free energy, at high temperatures, the process is spontaneous and exergonic, making it a potentially viable material for use as fibers and engineering thermoplastics