Results of statistical analysis performed on the “<i>Quantification of normalized fraction of condensed or fragmented nuclei</i>” using one-tailed paired t-test.

<p>Results of statistical analysis performed on the “<i>Quantification of normalized fraction of condensed or fragmented nuclei</i>” using one-tailed paired t-test.</p

Results of statistical analysis performed on the “<i>Average Changes in Midband-fit, 0-MHz Intercept, and Slope parameter</i>” using 2-way ANOVA without replication.

<p>Results of statistical analysis performed on the “<i>Average Changes in Midband-fit, 0-MHz Intercept, and Slope parameter</i>” using 2-way ANOVA without replication.</p

High magnification light microscope images of PC-3 xenografts immuno-stained with cyclophilin A.

<p>Tumors treated with ultrasound pulses at 750-staining. Each panel demonstrates a representative region of cell death occurred in the tumor. Microbubble concentrations are given as 8 µL/kg, 80 µL/kg, and 1000 µL/kg. The scale bar represents 25 µm.</p

Average changes in midband-fit parameter.

<p>Each bar represents the mean of midband-fit values of five mouse-borne tumors (n = 5). The error bar indicates the standard error within the sample size. Statistical testing using 2-way ANOVA indicates the effects caused by the changes in both microbubble concentration and dose of radiation to be very significant for every graph (<i>p</i><0.0001). Each graph shows the average changes in midband-fit for varied microbubble concentration and radiation doses at a fixed ultrasound pressure: 250 kPa, 570 kPa, and 750 kPa.</p

Results of statistical analysis performed on the “Quantification of Ceramide” using 2-way ANOVA without replication.

<p>Results of statistical analysis performed on the “Quantification of Ceramide” using 2-way ANOVA without replication.</p

Average changes in slope parameter.

<p>Each bar represents the mean of slope values of five mouse-borne tumors (n = 5). The error bar indicates the standard error within the sample size. A statistical test using 2-way ANOVA indicates the effects caused by the changes in both microbubble concentration and dose of radiation to be very significant for every graph (<i>p</i><0.0001). Each graph shows the average changes in slope for varied microbubble concentration and radiation doses at a fixed ultrasound pressure: 250 kPa, 570 kPa, and 750 kPa.</p

Results of statistical analysis performed on the “Quantification of normalized fraction of condensed or fragmented nuclei” using 2-way ANOVA without replication.

<p>Results of statistical analysis performed on the “Quantification of normalized fraction of condensed or fragmented nuclei” using 2-way ANOVA without replication.</p

High-frequency ultrasound B-mode images of PC-3 xenografts.

<p>B-Mode (left) and on the right side of each row, respective representative normalized power spectra are shown. (A) Tumors treated with varying radiation doses (0–8 Gy) without ultrasound-microbubble treatment. (B) Tumors treated with varying microbubble concentrations (8–1000 µL/kg) combined with 750 kPa of ultrasound pulse and 8 Gy-radiation. (C) Tumors treated with varying ultrasound pressures (250–750 kPa) combined with 8 µL/kg of microbubbles and 8 Gy-radiation. The scale bar represents 2 mm.</p

High frequency ultrasound B-mode images with ROI parametric overlays of the mid-band fit biomarker for PC-3 xenografts.

<p>(A) Tumors treated with varying radiation doses (0–8 Gy) without ultrasound-microbubble treatment. (B) Tumors treated with varying microbubble concentrations (8–1000 µL/kg) combined with 750 kPa of ultrasound pulse and 8 Gy-radiation. (C) Tumors treated with varying ultrasound pressures (250–750 kPa) combined with 8 µL/kg of microbubbles and 8 Gy-radiation. The scale bar represents 4 mm.</p

High magnification light microscope images of H&E-stained PC-3 xenografts.

<p>In addition to control, tumors treated with ultrasound pulses at 750(A) The panel shows H&E stained cells that exhibit condensed and/or fragmented apoptotic bodies. Each Panel demonstrates a representative region of cell death within tumor. Microbubble concentrations are given as 8 µL/kg, 80 µL/kg, and high 1000 µL/kg. The scale bar represents 25 µm. (B) Quantification of normalized fraction of condensed or fragmented nuclei. Each graph shows the fraction of cell death and disruption for varied microbubble concentration and radiation doses at a fixed ultrasound peak-negative pressure: 250 kPa, 570 kPa, and 750 kPa. Each bar represents the mean value of five samples (n = 5) and the error bar indicates the standard error. Statistical testing using 2-way ANOVA indicates the effects caused by the changes in both microbubble concentration and dose of radiation to be very significant (<i>p</i><0.0001).</p