Entropic forces exerted on a rough wall by a grafted semiflexible polymer

We study the entropic force due to a fluctuating semiflexible polymer that is grafted from one end and confined by a rigid and rough wall from the other end. We show how roughness of the wall modifies the entropic force. In addition to the perpendicular force that is present in the case of a flat wall, roughness of the wall adds a lateral component to the force. Both perpendicular and lateral components of the force are examined for different values of amplitude and wavelength of the roughness and at different temperatures. The lateral force is controlled by the local slope of the wall while the perpendicular force is only sensitive to the curvature of the wall. We show that for small compression, the entropic force is increased by increasing the curvature of the confining wall. In addition to the biophysical relevance, the results may also be useful in developing an AFM based experimental technique for probing the roughness of surfaces.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Comparisons of Health Outcomes of Overweight or Obese Youth Ages 3-15 Years Enrolled in Private Health Insurance Plans Versus Medicaid

INTRODUCTION: Research on the relationship between types of health insurance and health outcomes among overweight or obese youth is lacking in the literature. In the Unites States, 17% of youth ages 2-19 years have been identified as being overweight or obese. More than 90% of youth ages 0-18 years in the United States have health insurance. It is important to understand if there are any significant relationships between types of insurance and health outcomes. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, 54% of youth have privately-funded health insurance and 37% have Medicaid insurance, which is government-funded. Medicaid insurance is associated with lower household income levels, while private health insurance is associated with higher household income levels. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between types of health insurance and health outcomes among overweight or obese youth ages 3-15 years. Specifically, this study sought to answer these questions in overweight or obese American youth: (a) Is there an association between health insurance coverage type and general health status? (b) Is there an association between health insurance coverage type and asthma prevalence? and (c) Is there an association between health insurance coverage type and healthcare setting mostly visited for healthcare services? METHODS: This study used the 2012 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS) data. Survey responses were completed by the parents or legal guardians of the study group. The main independent variable was type of health insurance. The dependent variables were perceived general health, asthma, and healthcare setting mostly visited for healthcare services. Overall general health status for each child was reported by their parents as “excellent,” “very good,” “good,” “fair,” or “poor” in NHANES NNYFS 2012. Excellent, very good, and good general health were categorized as “good general health” for this study. Fair and poor general health were categorized as “not good general health general health” for this study. The data analyses of this study were completed with IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 for Windows. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in overall general health and the prevalence asthma between overweight or obese youth enrolled in Medicaid insurance and enrolled in private health insurance. Participants with Medicaid insurance had statistically significant lower odds of going to a doctor’s office or HMO mostly for healthcare services, as opposed to the emergency department or urgent care services, compared to participants with private health insurance (OR=0.16; CI=0.098-0.260). There were no statistically significant differences in overall general health and visits mostly to a doctor’s office or HMO for healthcare services between overweight or obese participants enrolled in Medicaid insurance and enrolled in private insurance, after adjusting for the age, sex, race, and household income of participants as well as the age, sex, education level, and marital status of participants’ parents or legal household guardians. Participants with Medicaid insurance had a statistically significant greater adjusted odds of having asthma compared to participants with private health insurance (aOR=2.6; CI=1.180-5.577). DISCUSSION: Though not statistically significant for every variable, overweight or obese youth enrolled in Medicaid insurance had worse health outcomes than those enrolled in private health insurance, as measured by perceived general health, asthma prevalence, and the healthcare setting they visit mostly for healthcare services. Further research is needed to determine why youth enrolled in Medicaid may not go to a doctor’s office or HMO more often for healthcare services compared those enrolled in private health insurance, as well as to better understand the relationship between other independent variables and type of health insurance, health outcomes, and healthcare

Synoptic pattern of deep trough led to strong winds of Zab Basin in Iran

One of the most important natural disasters are storms that each year, causing financial losses and Johnny are Frequency. Sometimes damage to the extent that the economic system, social disrupts a country. The aim of this study is to analyze the synoptic conditions of severe storms is Zab basin. In this study, given the scale of temporal and spatial distribution, wind speed and comprehensiveness of the three threshold size and calculate the 90th percentile wind speed, Forty days pervasive and severe storms were selected. Sea level pressure data and the elevation data of 500hp level from the database NCEP/NCAR were extracted. Matrix was formed that storm was on the rows and elevation data middle levels of the atmosphere, was on the columns. Then, principal components that explain the variation in height level pressure hp500 were identified. To identify synoptic patterns, cluster analysis integration "ward's" was performed on these components.The results showed that five synoptic pattern of atmospheric middle level, in the form of three major causes of severe storms in the Zab River Basin: Cut off low pattern, Shallow trough pattern of long wave and deep trough pattern of short wave. The most frequent traffic synoptic pattern of a synoptic pattern of middle levels and 60% of the patterns assigned to itself, causing severe storms in the Zab River Basin. Irregularities in the movement and position of the polar vortex caused the jet stream and storm paths meridian winds greater control and troughs are driven towards the low latitudes deeper. Because of the special arrangement of relatively strong and contrasting surface synoptic, the pressure gradient and energy exchange at its maximum reached compression Isobaric lines and as a result, Strong winds in the catchment area level has been created

Effects of midwivies’ emotional support on clinical delivery trend

حاملگی و به ویژه زایمان با توجه به اثرات طولانی مدت که در زندگی زنان دارد، واقعه ای مهم تلقی گردیده و از دیرباز مورد تعمق و بررسی بوده است. بر همین اساس لزوم بررسی هایی در شیوه های مراقبتی در این زمان مطرح گردیده است، تا با ایجاد شرایطی مطلوب تر، این امر تحقق یابد. پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه نیمه تجربی بوده است که در طی انجام پژوهش 94 نفر از زنان باردار مراجعه کننده به زایشگاه مورد نظر با توجه به داشتن شرایط ورود به مطالعه انتخاب و سپس به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه مراقبت معمول (شاهد) و مراقبت تحت مداخله (مورد) تقسیم بندی گردیدند. اطلاعات با استفاده از چک لیست و از طریق مصاحبه، پرسشگری و مشاهده و اندازه گیری جمع آوری گردید. اطلاعات به دست آمده با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری توصیفی و استنباطی و با نرم افزار کامپیوتری اس.پی.اس.اس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که با تامین نیازهای عاطفی مددجویان حداقل طول مدت فاز فعال زایمان در گروه تحت مراقبت مداخله ای 120 دقیقه و در گروه شاهد 200 دقیقه بوده است و حداکثر طول مدت مرحله دوم زایمان در گروه مورد 45 دقیقه و در گروه شاهد 90 دقیقه بوده است. و با توجه به بررسی انتظارات مددجویان از عامل زایمانی، رفتارهای حمایتی مهمترین مسئله مورد توجه اکثریت واحدهای مورد پژوهش در دو گروه بوده است که با توجه به انجام آزمونهای آماری نیز مورد تایید قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان می دهد که زنان در جریان زایمان نیاز به حمایتهای عاطفی دارند و با اعمـــــال رفتارهای حمایتی طول مدت زایمان کوتاهتر می گردد