Two-by-two matrices of the relationship between the estimated dissatisfied and the actual dissatisfied (sensitivity analysis).

<p>Two-by-two matrices of the relationship between the estimated dissatisfied and the actual dissatisfied (sensitivity analysis).</p

Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents (HELMA): Development and Psychometric Properties

<div><p>Background</p><p>Health literacy refers to personal competencies for the access to, understanding of, appraisal of and application of health information in order to make sound decisions in everyday life. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of health literacy among adolescents (the Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents-HELMA).</p><p>Methods</p><p>This study was made up of two phases, qualitative and quantitative, which were carried out in 2012–2014 in Tehran, Iran. In the qualitative part of the study, in-depth interviews with 67 adolescents aged 15–18 were carried out in 4 high schools to generate the initial item pool for the survey. The content validity of the items was then assessed by an expert panel review (n = 13) and face validity was assessed by interviewing adolescents (n = 16). In the quantitative part of the study, in order to describe the psychometric properties of the scale, validity, reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and factor analysis were assessed.</p><p>Results</p><p>An item pool made up of 104 items was generated at the qualitative stage. After content validity was considered, this decreased to 47 items. In the quantitative stage, 582 adolescents aged 15–18 participated in the study with a mean age of 16.2 years. 51.2% of participants were females. In principal component factor analysis, 8 factors were loaded, which accounted for 53.37% of the variance observed. Reliability has been approved by α = 0.93 and the test-retest of the scale at two-week intervals indicated an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.93). The final questionnaire was approved with 44 items split into eight sections. The sections were titled: gain access to, reading, understanding, appraise, use, communication, self-efficacy and numeracy.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents (HELMA) is a valid and reliable tool for the measurement of the health literacy of adolescents aged 15–18 and can be used to evaluate different levels of functional, interactive, and critical health literacy in adolescents.</p></div

The result obtained from exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation among adolescents aged 15–18 (n = 582).

<p>The result obtained from exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation among adolescents aged 15–18 (n = 582).</p

Two-by-two matrices of the relationship between the estimated satisfied and the actual satisfied (sensitivity analysis).

<p>Two-by-two matrices of the relationship between the estimated satisfied and the actual satisfied (sensitivity analysis).</p

Cronbach’s α coefficient and ICC for the HELMA and its subscales.

<p>Cronbach’s α coefficient and ICC for the HELMA and its subscales.</p

Demographic characteristics of adolescents participated in study (n = 582).

<p>Demographic characteristics of adolescents participated in study (n = 582).</p

Demographic data and preoperative status of patients with lumbar disc herniation (n = 154).

<p>Demographic data and preoperative status of patients with lumbar disc herniation (n = 154).</p

Characteristics of the study participants in baseline and those who participated and lost in three-month follow-up.

<p>Characteristics of the study participants in baseline and those who participated and lost in three-month follow-up.</p

The results of GEE analysis for assessing the effect of independent variables on mean periodontal knowledge scores immediately after the campaign and at three-month follow-up.

<p>The results of GEE analysis for assessing the effect of independent variables on mean periodontal knowledge scores immediately after the campaign and at three-month follow-up.</p

Observed mean score, item difficulty and fit statistics for International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) (N = 1054).

<p>Observed mean score, item difficulty and fit statistics for International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) (N = 1054).</p