New Coordinative Compounds with 4-(4’-pyridyl)pyridinium Disubstituted Monoylides

The complexes with manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) of 2-(4, 4’-bipyridin-1-ium-1-yl)-1-(4-bromophenylamino)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-1-thioxopropan-2-ide (ylide, Y) were synthesized and characterized. The obtained compounds with 1 : 2 metal/ligand ratios have been characterized by FTIR, UV Vis spectroscopy, ESI MS spectrometry, molecular conductance, magnetic measurements and thermal analysis. The ylide ligand forms chelates with metallic (II) ions through their amide nitrogen and oxygen atoms

A Comparative Study to the Semantics of Ontology Chain-Based Data Access Control versus Conventional Methods in Healthcare Applications

The necessity of having intelligent methodology to access databases in networks has become more apparent in the age of distributed networks. Using semantics and ontologies can be highly helpful in developing such methodologies, as they provide the required classifications and mined information. The necessities that are required by the database administrator to build durable, reliable, and flexible data access methodology have been highly appreciated. This study that compares between the proposed system and conventional methods, for example Role Based Access Control (RBAC) and classical chain-based methods. The comparison is done using applications in the healthcare sector. This study is based on real surveys that have been conducted in an active hospital in the State of Kuwait.</jats:p

<i>In vitro</i> assays impact of (A) Trichostatin A and (B) Oligomycin A on LGTV replication.

<p>Trichostatin (TSA) and Oligomycin A (OligoA) concentrations on the x-axis, percent cell viability on the right y-axis, and virus release in pfu/mL on the left y-axis. Compound assays out of Vero cells are shown in the left panels and out of ISE6 cells are shown in the right panels. Release of LGTV was assessed by viral titer (pfu/ml) using plaque assays in BHK15 cells. Cell viability was determined with alamarBlue reagent and fluorescent assay and percentage was normalized against solvent only control in both LGTV-infected and mock-treated ISE6/Vero cells. * denotes p<0.05 and *** denotes p<0.001. Standard error shown in error bars with five technical replicates. Two biological replicate experiments were completed.</p

ISE6 proteins associated with the TCA cycle and glutaminolysis.

<p>ISE6 glutaminolysis and mTOR signaling proteins altered with LGTV infection are shown. GDH denotes glutamate dehydrogenase enzymes and Glase denotes glutaminase enzymes. ISCWxxxxxx denotes corresponding VB accession ID for corresponding <i>I</i>. <i>scapularis</i> protein.</p

ISE6 proteins identified in KEGG pathways with differential expression following LGTV, UV-LGTV and mock treatment.

<p>(A) Total number of ISE6 cell proteins categorized by treatment and change in expression (increase/decrease/no change). Total number of proteins showing (B) increased expression, (C) decreased expression, and (D) no change in expression following LGTV infection and UV-LGTV treatment as compared to mock-treated cells and in LGTV-infected cells as compared to UV-LGTV-treated cells. Proteins were categorized by the KEGG classes for cellular function: metabolism, genetic information processing (GIP), environmental information processing (EIP), cellular processes (CP), and organismal systems (OS).</p

ISE6 proteins with increased expression associate with pathways for protein production, transport, assembly, and proteolysis.

<p>The ISCW accession numbers corresponding to proteins identified with increased expression in LGTV-infected and UV-LGTV-treated cells are shown (KEGG abbreviated nomenclature provided as well if available in parentheses). The schematic presents potential mechanisms for LGTV-induced perturbation and increase in cell protein expression. See <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004180#pntd.0004180.s010" target="_blank">S5 Table</a> for information on proteins and KEGG protein classes. Underlined proteins denote ISE6 proteins exhibiting increased expression following flavivirus infection not identified before. “Fld, Srt, & Deg” is the folding, sorting, and degradation KEGG pathway. <b>**</b> denotes ortholog in human [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004180#pntd.0004180.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>]; + denotes human ortholog showing increased expression following HCV infection;—denotes human ortholog showing decreased expression following HCV infection. Gray boxes denote cellular protein functions. White boxes denote KEGG pathways.</p

Citrate cycle showing ISE6 proteins that exhibited increased/decreased expression following treatment to LGTV and UV-LGTV.

<p>The enzymes are indicated with KEGG abbreviated nomenclature and the corresponding substrates are shown in circles. * denotes proteins identified in this study. Dotted lines denote indirect involvement with production. The increased expression of malate dehydrogenase (MDH2) is unique to LGTV-treated cells while increase in the expression of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ALDH4A1), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1), and fumarylacetoacetase (FAH) is common to cell samples following LGTV infection and UV-LGTV treatment. Decreased expression of citrate synthase (CS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was observed in LGTV-treated cells and decreased expression of fumarate hydratase (FH), aldolase A/B/C fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOA/B/C), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2/1B1/3A2 family protein (ALDH2/1B1/3A2) was observed in both LGTV-infected and UV-LGTV—treated cells. ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), aconitase (ACO), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2/3a (IDH2/3a), oxoglutarate/alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDH/DLST), succinyl-CoA synthetase alpha/beta subunit (LSC1/2), succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit (SDHA), pyruvate kinase (PK), enolase 1/2/3 (ENO1/2/3), and aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 family protein (ALDH7A1).</p

Hierarchical clustering of MS peak profiles of ISE6 cells treated with LGTV, UV-LGTV, and mock.

<p>M1-5, mock1-5 samples; LGTV1-5, LGTV-infected samples 1–5, and UV-LGTV1-5, UV-LGTV samples 1–5. Vertical rows depict n = 5 biological replicates. Horizontal rows correspond to significant MS peaks of peptides/proteins at 36 hours post infection/treatment. Clustering analysis shows common patterns of protein expression profiles shared between the three treatment groups. The red-green color scale denotes the Z score fold change with red representing a Z score of -2 and green denoting a Z score of 2 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004180#pntd.0004180.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>].</p

Quantification of LGTV infection in <i>I</i>. <i>scapularis</i> ISE6 cells via immunofluorescence and plaque assay.

<p>(A) Immunofluorescent detection of virus in ISE6 cells at 3, 9, 24 and 48 hours post infection (hpi) with LGTV MOIs of 7, 13 and 26. LGTV NS3 nonstructural protein (green), DAPI-stained nuclei (blue). (B) Percentage of infected ISE6 cells at 3, 9, 24 and 48 hpi following treatment with LGTV at MOIs of 7, 13 and 26 as determined from quantifying ISE6 cells with immunofluorescent LGTV NS3 expression. (C) Timecourse experiment showing amount of infectious LGTV (Log pfu/mL) released from ISE6 cells initially infected with LGTV MOI = 10 (n = 3). Titration was performed using both plaque assays and immunofluorescent focus forming assays in BHK15 cells. The red box corresponds to the time of peak release of infectious virus. (D) Plaque assays in BHK15 cells showing the reduction in infectious viral titer (pfu/mL) following treatment with UV-irradiated LGTV viral stocks for up to 300 seconds (n = 2).</p

Identification and expression of ISE6 cell proteins following treatment to LGTV, UV-LGTV, and mock.

<p>(A) Four statistical analyses were performed using the ODP output. This included a three-way ANOVA of treatment groups LGTV, UV-LGTV, mock and two-way t-test comparing the LGTV vs. mock, UV-LGTV vs. mock, and LGTV vs. UV-LGTV samples. The Venn diagram shows unique and common ISE6 protein identifications from these datasets. (B) Venn diagrams showing the numbers of ISE6 proteins identified as exhibiting increased or decreased expression following treatment to LGTV or UV-LGTV unique or common to sample groups (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004180#pntd.0004180.s007" target="_blank">S2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004180#pntd.0004180.s010" target="_blank">S5</a> Tables for the complete list of proteins identified in the analyses).</p