Impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employees Behavior in Telecom sector of Pakistan

Purpose ­– The increasing importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) stresses on organizations to start focusing on CSR activities. For this reason the present research find out the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employee’s behavior i.e. organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intention in telecom sector of Pakistan in the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Design/methodology/approach – This research is quantitative in nature. A survey has been conducted among 45 employees and managers of sales and service departments from telecom sector particularly from Mobilink, Ufone, Warid and Telenor as these four companies are holding 85-90 % market share of cellular market in Pakistan. Employees selected are having minimum academic qualification of graduation and have served for 2-10 years in the telecom sector. The companies are also very conscious for not to share their information due to highly completive nature of market.  The research’s hypotheses were tested using various statistical analyses. Findings – Findings suggested that corporate social responsibility positively correlates with organizational citizenship behavior and negatively with turnover intention Research limitations/implications – Since, this research focused only two dimensions of employee behavior, so other dimensions should also be considered for future researchers. Moreover this research study took place only in two Pakistani cities; therefore increasing the sample size in terms of number of cities, industries, departments and respondents could also provide more accurate and generalize results. Practical implications – CSR activities help the companies to develop positive behavior in employees and reduce negative conduct/activities. Positive behavior improves employee performance which increase profitability and will lead to good reputation of the company as well whereas negative attitude /conduct increase firm liabilities. Originality/value – The research paper addresses the impact of corporate social responsibility on employee’s behavior in telecom sector of Pakistan especially in the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Employee Behavior, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Turnover Intention, Telecom Sector Pakistan

Governance challenges in Public Sector: an Analysis of Governance and Efficiency Issues in Public Sector Institutions in Pakistan

Governance and Institutions are not ends in themselves but it is well known by now that good governance and effectively functioning institutions are required, along with sensible policies and well designed public investment. How do Governance and Institutions interact? Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources. Good governance requires checks and balances in a country’s institutional infrastructure, such that politicians and bureaucrats have the flexibility to pursue the common good. A variety of institutional mechanisms can provide the checks and balances that will lead to good governance and reduced corruption. To be enduring and credible, these mechanisms need to be anchored in core state institutions. Power can be divided horizontally among judiciary, the legislative and the executive, and vertically between central, provincial and local authorities. Public sector in Pakistan is not efficient enough to positively impact the economy due to political and bureaucratic misuse of authority and influences This paper discusses only a few of the underlying legislative and administrative factors which have contributed to mal -governance in public sector in Pakistan. To investigate and determine the efficiency and effectiveness of governance, different variables have been identified and secondary data resources have been used to highlight governance issues in public sector institutions of Pakistan. Findings of the research will be helpful in improving governance in public sector institutions through reforms in Parliamentary, Judicial and Civil Services system of Pakistan as well as for other third world countries having similar challenges of governance in their countries. Keywords: Governance, Public Sector, Public Sector Institution

Increased Focus on Human Resource Practices leads to Organizational Effectiveness: A Study of Law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan

Organizational effectiveness, in general, is based on the integration of goals of the organization and the employees. Neither of them should be viewed in isolation. This article is designed to explain effect of increased focus on human resource practices leading to organizational effectiveness. The researchers have examined as to what extent the role of talent management, conflict management and reward management influence organizational effectiveness particularly in hierarchical organizations such as law enforcement agencies. The study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad of Pakistan for law enforcement agencies including their training academies. Sample size consists of 264 respondents, who filled the questionnaire out of 300 respondents. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant impact of all these human resource practices i.e. talent management, conflict management and reward management on organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased focus on employee’s related issues accelerates organizational effectiveness. As employees get their issues addressed, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover, this study indicates that the combined effect of most relevant human resource practices on strength of the organizations will be positive rather than application of other least effective/relevant human resource initiatives. Since concept of “happy employees are more productive rather than productive employees are happier” is mostly studied for business organizations and hardly any law enforcement agency applies the same for its effectiveness, therefore, the topic is highly of research interest in current years. Thus Organizational effectiveness should also be researched in the context of non-profit organizations such as law enforcement agencies being most vital for stability and economical strength of countries like Pakistan. Limitations of the study are also highlighted at the end. Keywords: Organizational Effectiveness, Law Enforcement Agencies, Human Resource Practice

Increased Focus on Human Resource Practices leads to Organizational Effectiveness: A study of law Enforcement Agencies in Pakistan

Organizational effectiveness, in general, is based on the integration of goals of the organization and the employees. Neither of them should be viewed in isolation. This article is designed to explain effect of increased focus on human resource practices leading to organizational effectiveness. The researchers have examined as to what extent the role of talent management, conflict management and reward management influence organizational effectiveness particularly in hierarchical organizations such as law enforcement agencies. The study was conducted in twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad of Pakistan for law enforcement agencies including their training academies. Sample size consists of 264 respondents, who filled the questionnaire out of 300 respondents. After analyzing the data, findings showed that there is a significant impact of all these human resource practices i.e. talent management, conflict management and reward management on organizational effectiveness. Results showed that increased focus on employee’s related issues accelerates organizational effectiveness. As employees get their issues addressed, the organizational effectiveness moves in a positive way. Moreover, this study indicates that the combined effect of most relevant human resource practices on strength of the organizations will be positive rather than application of other least effective/relevant human resource initiatives. Since concept of “happy employees are more productive rather than productive employees are happier” is mostly studied for business organizations and hardly any law enforcement agency applies the same for its effectiveness, therefore, the topic is highly of research interest in current years. Thus Organizational effectiveness should also be researched in the context of non-profit organizations such as law enforcement agencies being most vital for stability and economical strength of countries like Pakistan. Limitations of the study are also highlighted at the end. Keywords: Organizational Effectiveness, Law Enforcement Agencies, Human Resource Practices

An Interactive Team Leadership: a Conceptual Model for Team based Organizational Effectiveness in large Hierarchical Organizations

Despite Interactive leadership enjoying success and attention as an exceptional leadership theory, few scholars have investigated a specific link between Interactive leadership theories and team performance. As such, the researchers discuss how interactive leadership theories can provide a framework in which to investigate a leader’s impact on team performance. As the scope and complexity of modern task demands exceeding capability of individuals to perform, teams are emerging to shoulder the burgeoning requirements. Accordingly, researchers have striven to understand and enhance human performance in team settings. The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of interactive team leadership for hierarchical organizations such as law enforcing agencies and other public sector organizations in Pakistan, that is workable, practical and efficient compared to traditional leadership model. Further specified are important avenues to creating successful teams like structure of teams, team selection/composition, task design, role of top leader and subordinate leaders. In other words, one can select the right people, provide them with a task engineered for superior performance and train them in the appropriate skills to accomplish that task for overall success of the organization as per set objectives. Researchers have also drawn comparative analysis of proposed interactive team leadership model and traditional hierarchical leadership model in order to prove practicability of the conceptual model. The paper concludes with the identification of ways to select better teams, to design better team tasks and by mentioning effective techniques from which to draw principles, guidelines and specifications to maximize success. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. Keywords: Interactive Leadership, Team Leadership, Organizational Effectivenes

Individual, structural, and institutional factors are involved to boost the informal entrepreneurial activities. A literature review of developing nations

The study reviews the literature of determinants of informal entrepreneurship in developed and developing nations and finds the major causes that fabricate the informal culture, which is individuallevel, structural level and institutional level. The objective of this paper is to explore the important determinants of informal entrepreneurship in developing nations. Few factors have commonalities with other factors that have been discussed in the literature. Few determinants have explored as additional determinants that have not been discussed by Colin’s Model that was based on developed nations. This study has explored these factors as some additional factors in Colin’s model. Additional factors are entrepreneurial spawning, availability of resources, family tradition, and support of family members. No single factor is yet able to detect the difficulties of this sector, the nature of the informal entrepreneurship is always clarified by a “cocktail” of factors

Isolation of Caffeine from Carbonated Beverages

The work presented on the isolation of naturally occurring alkaloid from carbonated beverages. The extensive presence of caffeine in different plants plays an important role in the long-standing acceptance of caffeine-containing products. Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1, 3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid belongs to Methylxanthine family. Liquid-liquid extraction methods were used in the assay of research work. Chloroform was taken as extracting solvent. Solid residue of caffeine was recrystallized from 95% ethanol using 5ml/gram (5ml per gram). It is declared to raise caffeine, effects a number of different drugs include Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Aspirin and amount of plasma free Fatty acids increases. While inform that in regular sleeping interaction caffeine take place and raise the absorption of certain drugs. Changes in drug metabolizing enzymes, acts as an agent in a microsomal system of the body. The highest amount of caffeine dry crystal is extracted in sting sample while the 7up sample is free from caffeine

Studies on Buddleja asiatica antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic and Ca++ antagonist activities

Crude extract of Buddleja asiatica Lour and its fractions, chloroform (F1), ethyl acetate (F2) and nbutanol (F3) were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic and Ca++ antagonist activities. The antibacterial activity was performed against 11 types of bacteria. The crude extract and fractions F2 and F3 exhibited significant activity, while F1 showed low activity in killing the Shigella flexenari, Sternostoma boydi and Escherichia coli. In the rest bacteria, the crude extract and all the fractions (F1 to F3) revealed minimum to nil inhibitory effect. The fungicidal activity of the crude extract and all the fractions (F1 to F3) was also performed against six different fungi. The crude extract and fractions F1 and F3 displayed significant activity, while fraction F2 showed moderate activity against Fusarium solani. In the case of Microsporum canis, the crude extract and fraction F3 showed high activity but in the other four fungi, the inhibition area exhibited optimum to nil activity in crude extract and all the fractions (F1 to F3). In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, B. asiatica crude extract caused concentration-dependent (0.03 to 1.0 mg/ml) relaxation of spontaneous and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. The results indicate the antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic and Ca++ antagonist potential of B. asiatica Lour

LIGHTING – THE WAY TO REDUCING ELECTRICAL ENERGY DEMAND IN UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS IN BANGLADESH

Lighting is one of the dominant electricity demand factors in the building energy sector and has huge potential for demand reduction. However, concerning the efficacy of energy consumption, this potential energy-saving option entails further investigations, particularly for developing countries. This study addresses the issues of an efficient lighting system design for educational institutions with particular attention to classroom and laboratory lighting systems for a university in Bangladesh as a case study. Measurements show that during the daytime, under clear and average sky conditions both rooms received sufficient natural light (>300 lx) for educational activities, whereas under an overcast sky, only 50% space receives sufficient natural light. At night, the installed fluorescent tube lights illuminance level was found insufficient (<300 lx) for educational activities. The inefficient lighting system design was found to be the main reason for this illuminance level. Simulation results reveal that light emitting diode (LED) tube lights with a maintenance factor of 0.8 could save 10,080-15,120 kWh, 91,929-137,894 BDT (1USD=84BDT), and 6,753-10,130 kgCO2-eq, energy, cost, and, greenhouse gas emissions respectively per year for the classrooms