The effects of different forms of β-Lg fibrils on the ratio of nodes to primary neurites of differentiated PC12 cells.

<p>The criteria were quantified after incubation for 4 or 8 h. (n = 3; *significantly different from control).</p

ThT fluorescence of β-Lg (5 mg/mL) at pH 2 heated at 80°C.

<p>(A) In the absence and presence of Pb²⁺, curcumin and their mixture. (B) In the absence and presence of AFM1, curcumin and their mixture. Data represent the means ± SD of 3 independent measurements.</p

The effects of different forms of β-Lg fibrils on neurite complexity of differentiated PC12 cells.

<p>The criteria were quantified after incubation for 4 or 8 h. (A) primary neurites per cell and (B) percent of bipolar cells.(n = 3; *significantly different from control).</p

ROS production in β-Lg incubated at 80°C and pH 2.

<p>(A) In the absence or presence of curcumin and Pb²⁺, and (B) in the absence or presence of curcumin and AFM1. Data represent the means ± SD of 3 independent measurements.</p

The effects of different form of β-Lg fibrils on neurite outgrowth in differentiated PC12 cells.

<p>(A) Average neurite length and (B) average neurite width (n = 3; *significantly different from control).</p

The protective effect of curcuminon β-Lg fibrils-induced cytotoxicity of PC12 cells.

<p>PC12 cells were incubated with or without β-Lg fibrils, obtained in the absence and/or presence of curcumin, Pb²⁺, or AFM1. The PC12 cell viability was determined using MTT assay after incubation for 4 or 8 h. Incubation with β-Lg fibrils containing curcumin significantly decreased the amount of cell death compared with β-Lg fibrils in the absence of curcumin. Data represent the means ± S.E.M (n = 3; *significantly different from control).</p

The effects of different forms of β-Lg fibrils on the ratio of nodes to primary neurites of differentiated PC12 cells.

<p>The criteria were quantified after incubation for 4 or 8 h. (n = 3; *significantly different from control).</p

Representative far-UV CD spectra of β-Lg samples after incubation at pH 2 and 80°C.

<p>(A) In the absence and presence of Pb²⁺, curcumin and their mixture. (B) In the absence and presence of AFM1, curcumin and their mixture.</p

AFM images of different β-Lg samples incubated at 80°C and pH 2 for 24 h.

<p>(A) β-Lg alone, (B) β-Lg in the presence of curcumin, (C) β-Lg in the presence of AFM1 (1 ppb), (D) β-Lg in the presence of AFM1 (1 ppb) and curcumin, (E) β-Lg in the presence of Pb²⁺ (0.2 ppm), and (F) β-Lg in the presence of Pb²⁺ (0.2 ppm) and curcumin.</p

Surface tension changes for various forms of insulin showing the extent of surface tension of solutions containing insulin with native, oligomer intermediates, proto-fibril, and fibril structures at the air-water interface.

<p>Data represent the average of decuple measurements and error bars represent standard deviation (SD). *Significantly different from native insulin. Statistical significances were achieved when p<0.05.</p