第885回千葉医学会例会・千葉大学第二外科例会

<p><b>A</b>. NMDS ordination of 16S rRNA gene-derived microbial community structure. Similarity profile analysis, an <i>a priori</i> statistical approach that uses permutation to identify groups of communities that are more dissimilar than expected by chance, identified two distinct clusters of communities. Ellipses represent the 95% confidence intervals around the centroid for each cluster (the spatial mean in NMDS space of the communities belonging to each cluster). Lines emanating from the centroids indicate to which cluster each community belongs. Bacterial families well-correlated with the ordination (r² > 0.40) are displayed; vector length is proportional to the Pearson correlation coefficient for each family and vector direction corresponds to the direction of increasing abundance relative to the ordinated communities. Legend indicates the dune from which each ordinated community originated. Final 2-dimensional stress of the ordination is 0.12. <b>B</b>. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of bacterial classes indicates that the two clusters of microbial communities identified by similarity profile analysis are driven by the disparity between a high abundance of <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i> in one set of communities and more diverse population in the other set of communities. Only classes with effect size > 2.0 are displayed. <b>C</b>. NMDS ordination is based only on samples for which environmental parameters were measured. Parameters with r² > 0.1 are displayed. Final 2-dimensional stress of the ordination is 0.07.</p

Global population structure of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum msp1</i>, <i>msp2</i> and <i>csp</i> gene.

<p>A minimal spanning tree (MST) generated using Bio Numerics software version 7.6.1 showing the relationship from worldwide isolates. Each circle represents and individual haplotype and the size of the circle is proportional to the number of isolates belonging to that haplotypes. The line connecting the circle is branch length.</p

Nucleotide diversity test of neutrality and rate of recombination test of vaccine candidate genes in Indian <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.

<p>Nucleotide diversity test of neutrality and rate of recombination test of vaccine candidate genes in Indian <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> isolates.</p

Genetic diversity and antibody responses against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development - Fig 5

<p>(A) Total IgG antibody levels against synthetic peptide of the <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> antigens/epitopes. (B) Levels of total IgG antibody responses among different age groups. (Box plots depict median values with 25th and 75th percentile values represented by the bottom and top edges boxes. Small * indicate that the antibody responses statistically significant differences (* p<0.05) when compared among different age groups.</p

Genetic diversity and antibody responses against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> vaccine candidate genes from Chhattisgarh, Central India: Implication for vaccine development

<div><p>The genetic diversity in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> antigens is a major hurdle in developing an effective malaria vaccine. Protective efficacy of the vaccine is dependent on the polymorphic alleles of the vaccine candidate antigens. Therefore, we investigated the genetic diversity of the potential vaccine candidate antigens i.e. <i>msp-1</i>, <i>msp-2</i>, <i>glurp</i>, <i>csp and pfs25</i> from field isolates of <i>P</i>.<i>falciparum</i> and determined the natural immune response against the synthetic peptide of these antigens. Genotyping was performed using Sanger method and size of alleles, multiplicity of infection, heterogeneity and recombination rate were analyzed. Asexual stage antigens were highly polymorphic with 55 and 50 unique alleles in <i>msp-1</i> and <i>msp-2</i> genes, respectively. The MOI for <i>msp-1</i> and <i>msp-2</i> were 1.67 and 1.28 respectively. A total 59 genotype was found in <i>glurp</i> gene with 8 types of amino acid repeats in the conserved part of RII repeat region. The number of NANP repeats from 40 to 44 was found among 55% samples in <i>csp</i> gene while <i>pfs25</i> was found almost conserved with only two amino acid substitution site. The level of genetic diversity in the present study population was very similar to that from Asian countries. A higher IgG response was found in the B-cell epitopes of msp-1 and csp antigens and higher level of antibodies against csp B-cell epitope and glurp antigen were recorded with increasing age groups. Significantly, higher positive responses were observed in the csp antigen among the samples with ≥42 NANP repeats. The present finding showed extensive diversity in the asexual stage antigens.</p></div

Type of repeats sequence with limited polymorphism of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum glurp</i> gene in the Indian isolates.

<p>Type of repeats sequence with limited polymorphism of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum glurp</i> gene in the Indian isolates.</p

Comparison of filter-based epifluorescent direct counts from Qatari dune (this work) with those of Middle Eastern and North African soils [16].

<p>Comparison of filter-based epifluorescent direct counts from Qatari dune (this work) with those of Middle Eastern and North African soils [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0161836#pone.0161836.ref016" target="_blank">16</a>].</p

Prevalence of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> csp haplotype based on NANP and NVDP repeats and their arrangement.

<p>Prevalence of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> csp haplotype based on NANP and NVDP repeats and their arrangement.</p

Heatmap showing the most abundant OTUs in all samples.

<p>OTU names are given at the lowest available taxonomic level; OTUs that could not be classified below the level of order are termed Unclassified. Dendrograms were generated using hierarchical clustering with complete linkage. Plot indicates the relative fraction of sequences in each sample that were classified as <i>Gammaproteobacteria</i> at the level of class. Sample key: dune name; location on dune face (C = crest, M = middle, B = base); sample number.</p

Frequency distribution of different allelic variations of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum msp1</i>, <i>msp2</i> and <i>glurp</i> genes in Indian isolates.

<p>Frequency distribution of different allelic variations of <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum msp1</i>, <i>msp2</i> and <i>glurp</i> genes in Indian isolates.</p