Solventless Extraction of Essential Oil

Essential oil is one of an important concentrated liquid that possesses many physical, chemical and pharmacological properties. Extraction of essential is one of the main issues in the last decade. Conventional treatment consisting of hydrodistillation and steam distillation has many disadvantages and finds difficult to purify essential oil. Now, it is much easier to extract essential oil with the invention of new greener technologies that reduce the involvement of solvent, decrease the extraction time, energy and descent the interaction of the concentrated volatile liquid with atmospheric oxygen through the application of vacuum

Comparison of the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in tablets form with that of the suspension form in the treatment of acute diarrhoea

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of zinc supplementation in tablet form with that of the suspension form in the treatment of acute diarrhoea.Methods: A comparative study was carried out at the Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan from October 2008 to April 2009, and comprised children aged6-24 months suffering from acute diarrhoea. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of even and odd numbers. Group A (even numbers) received dispersible zinc tablets, and group B (odd numbers) received zinc suspension. The patients were admitted for 3 days and improvement was checked at the end of 3rd day in terms of decrease in the frequency of stools/day. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis.Results: The 88 patients were divided into two groups of 44(50%) each. Overall, 49(55.7%) patients were male and 39(44.3%) were female. At the end of the 3rd day 51(58%) patients improved, while 37(42%) did not. In the zinc tablet group, improvement was in 32(72%) patients compared to 19(43%) in the zinc suspension group (p \u3c 0.05).diarrhoea.CONCLUSIONS: The results of tablets preparation were clinically significant in reducing the duration and severity of diarrhoea

Temporal Bone Hyperpneumatization and Tinnitus: Clinico-Radiological Evaluation Using CT Scan

Purpose: We propose that there is increased incidence of subjective tinnitus (ST) in patients with temporal bone hyperpneumatization (TBHP). The secondary goal of this project is to assess the degrees of association of TBHP with paranasal sinus hyperpneumatization (PNSHP), chronic sinusitis (CS), otomastoiditis (OM) and concha bullosa (CB). Methods and Materials: A total of 196 patients, who had computed tomography (CT) of the head for various clinical indications, were included in this study. CT head scans of patients with TBHP (n=96) were correlated with control patients (n=100). These patients had no apparent TBHP, history of ST, PNSHP, CS, OM or CB. The TBHP was graded based upon the extent of pneumatization. Size of the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses were also measured, providing pneumatization grade. Results: Subjective tinnitus (ST) was present in 31 cases of TBHP and in 8 patients in the control group, which was statistically significant. Mean volume of maxillary sinus and the largest axial sphenoid sinus diameter were significantly larger in the cases of TBHP than in that of controls. Otomastoiditis was found in only 4 cases of TBHP (4%) and none of the controls; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Chronic sinusitis was present in 8 cases of TBHP and 5 of controls, and was also not statistically significant. Concha bullosa was significantly more frequent among cases of TBHP than controls. Conclusion: There is a significant (p \u3c 0.001) association between subjective tinnitus and increasing grade of temporal bone hyperpneumatization. There is a positive correlation between paranasal sinus hyperpneumatization and occurrence of concha bullosa, mimicking symptoms of sinusitis, with TBHP

Diagnostic Radiology in Liberia: A Country Report

Liberia is a tropical country located south of the Sahara Desert in coastal West Africa. It lies at 6 °30’ North Latitude and 9° 30’ West Longitude and is bordered by Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone and the Atlantic Ocean. Liberia has three distinct topographical areas: 1) coastal plain, creeks, lagoons and mangrove swamps; 2) rolling, forested hills with elevations up to 500 feet that cover most of the country; and 3) low mountains and plateaus in the Northern highlands with elevations reaching 4,748 feet (Nimba Mountains). Liberia is home to approximately four million people and is roughly the size of the US state of Tennessee. Named after former US President James Monroe, Liberia’s capital Monrovia is a coastal city with a population of one million (1). There are two major seasons in Liberia: dry and rainy. The dry season occurs between December and March, and is is characterized by warm days and cool nights, with risk of sand storms from the Sahara Desert (2). The rainy season occurs between mid-April and mid-November. The average annual rainfall is 200 inches on the coast and decreases to 80 inches in areas farthest inland, and the average temperature is 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit) (1). Liberia is a low-income country that relies heavily on foreign aid (3). Liberia is the seventh poorest nation in the world, ranking 31st among 46 sub-Sarahan African countries in national income. In 2013, Liberia’s per capita GDP was $900 US (3). Liberia’s economy depends heavily on natural resources, with mining and agriculture being the dominant industries. Iron exportation has grown and in 2013 overcame rubber as Liberia’s top export. According to the 2013 Central Bank of Liberia (CBL) Annual Report, iron ore and rubber represent 82% of Liberia’s total exports (4). Civil war destroyed much of Liberia’s economy, including critical infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Although conditions are favorable for agriculture, Liberia does not produce nearly enough food to meet the demands of its population. The country imports large quantities of food, with rice alone accounting for 10% of its overall imports (5)

Conventional Cold steel and Modern technique BiZact LigaSure for tonsillectomy: A comparative analysis

Background & Objective: One of the bulk number of operations carried out at otorhinolaryngology department across globe is Tonsillectomy. With the advent of refined surgical tools along with surgical approaches, the conventional methods are now taken over by these new interventions. The study aims to explore the use and advantages of BiZact LigaSure tonsillectomy as compared to the old conventional method. Material & Methods: A comparative  study was conducted using non-probability purposive sampling technique at Aziz Fatimah Hospital, Faisalabad. 100 participants were divided in two groups. Group A (50 patients) underwent BiZact LigaSure tonsillectomy and Group B (50 patients) with conventional cold steel method. Per-operative variables such as Blood loss and Operative time and Post-operative variable such as Pain was assessed. The data was analyzed in SPSS 20 using independent t- test. Results: The mean age in group A and B was 12, 12 respectively. The blood loss calculated in Group A patients undergoing BiZact LigaSure tonsillectomy was 0.390.15 ml and in Group B 15.92.65 ml. The mean operation time in group A and B was calculated as 4.260.66 and 32.385.56. Both of these variables were recorded as highly significant as the P value = 0.000. Pain was assessed using the VAS pain scale. Post-operative pain variable was also recorded as highly significant variable. Conclusion: The study concludes that BiZact ligaSure tonsillectomy is more effective and safe procedure than the conventional cold steel method. This new intervention significantly reduces the blood loss during surgeries, operative time and post-operative pain

Corruption, Political Instability and Sustainable Development:The Interlinkages

The study empirically probed the interdependence among corruption, political instability and sustainable development for a panel of 28 developing economies and disaggregated sample of lower-middle and upper-middle income economies for the time period 2000-2014. The three stage least square (3SLS) estimation revealed that corruption negatively affects sustainable development and political instability. The political instability impedes sustainable development and corruption. The sustainable development reduces political instability and corruption. It explains that corruption enhances political stability and political stability increases corruption. The disaggregated estimates of developing economies are almost same as aggregate estimates of developing economies, however political instability has statistically insignificant effect on sustainable development in upper-middle-income economies. To go forward for sustainable development, the elimination of corruption is imperative