ECONOMICS OF WHEAT-FALLOW CROPPING SYSTEMS IN WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA

Income and risk aspects of wheat-fallow cropping systems are analyzed in western North Dakota. A wheat yield trend estimation model based on county yields (1950-77) is developed using independent variables of year, annual precipitation, acres of nonfallowed wheat and a dummy variable for fallow and nonfallow practices. The year-to-year change in wheat yields on fallowed and nonfallowed land indicates that summer fallow is becoming less desirable economically. Based on 1980 costs and yields, summer fallow maximizes returns to land at low yields, low wheat prices, and high nitrogen prices. Income variability is reduced under summer fallow.Crop Production/Industries,

Performance Factors and Management Practices Related to Earnings of East Central North Dakota Crop Farms

Agricultural Finance, Farm Management,

Economic Impact of North Dakota Laws that Permit Delayed or Partial Repayment of Agricultural Debt � July 1, 1986

Agricultural Finance,

CRT-700.53 Risk of Heart Block Development in Surgical Management of Congenital Heart Disease

Background: There is a paucity of data regarding the risk for heart block during surgical repair of congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to identify the prevalence and prognosis of heart block in patient’s requiring surgical intervention for CHD. Methods: National Inpatient Sample 2016-2019 was used to conduct a retrospective analysis by identifying a cohort of patients admitted for surgical management for atrial septal defect repair/replacement (ASDR), ventricular septal defect repair/replacement (VSDR) and patent ductus arteriosus closure (PDAC) using respective ICD-10 codes. Primary outcome was the risk of developing heart blocks including atrioventricular and bundle branch/fascicular blocks which was assessed with multivariate logistic regression model. Results: 7.6% patients with ASD underwent ASDR, 10.4% patients with VSD underwent VSDR and 8.8% patients with PDA underwent PDAC. Heart blocks were observed in 12% of ASD patients undergoing ASDR, 10% of VSD patients undergoing VSDR and 8.8% of PDA patients undergoing PDAC. Mean age was 38.9 years for patients undergoing ASDR developing heart blocks, 11.48 years for patients undergoing VSDR developing heart blocks and 10.3 months for patients undergoing PDAC developing heart blocks. On analysis of patients who developed heart blocks after undergoing surgery for CHD, we found that 51.5% were males, 48.4% were females, 57.8% were white, 12.7% were African-American and 17.6% were Hispanic. ASDR was associated with increased odds of developing heart blocks in patients with ASD (OR 3.89, CI 3.6-4.2, p\u3c0.001) and VSDR was associated with increased odds of developing heart blocks in VSD patients (OR 9.31, CI 8-10.7, p\u3c0.001). While, PDAC was associated with even higher odds of developing heart blocks in PDA patients (OR 12.75, CI 10.4-15.6, p\u3c0.001). ASDR was associated with decreased mortality in ASD patients (OR 0.85, CI 0.74-0.98, p=0.036), VSDR had no significant association with mortality in VSD patients (OR 0.99, p=0.9) and PDAC was associated with minimally increased mortality (OR 1.16, CI 1.001-1.36, p=0.04). Conclusion: Heart blocks are prevalent among the patients undergoing surgical treatment for CHD. Surgical repair of CHD is strongly associated with the risk of developing heart blocks, highest risk being with PDAC followed by VSDR and ASDR

Substance use disorder treatment admissions and state-level prenatal substance use policies:Evidence from a national treatment database

State policies pertaining to prenatal substance use have important implications for health outcomes of pregnant women and their infants. However, little is known about the impact of the various types of state-level prenatal substance use policies (i.e., treatment and supportive services; criminal justice initiatives; and health care provider reporting requirements) on substance use disorder treatment admissions. Using data from the 2002-2014 Treatment Episode Data Set - Admissions, we exploited state-level variation in the implementation of different types of policies to assess their impact on pregnant women's admission to substance use disorder treatment. The study found that state-level prenatal substance use policies focused only on the criminal justice sector were negatively associated with the proportion of women of reproductive age who were pregnant upon admission to treatment. Additionally, the implementation of policies that engaged all three sectors was positively associated with the proportion of women of reproductive age who were pregnant upon admission to treatment. These results were consistent across age groups and for both non-Hispanic white women and women of other racial/ethnic groups. The findings imply that states with cross-sector policy engagement around prenatal substance use and policies that take a multifaceted, comprehensive approach are more likely to see an increase in admissions to substance use disorder treatment during pregnancy

Substance use disorder treatment admissions and state-level prenatal substance use policies:Evidence from a national treatment database

State policies pertaining to prenatal substance use have important implications for health outcomes of pregnant women and their infants. However, little is known about the impact of the various types of state-level prenatal substance use policies (i.e., treatment and supportive services; criminal justice initiatives; and health care provider reporting requirements) on substance use disorder treatment admissions. Using data from the 2002-2014 Treatment Episode Data Set - Admissions, we exploited state-level variation in the implementation of different types of policies to assess their impact on pregnant women's admission to substance use disorder treatment. The study found that state-level prenatal substance use policies focused only on the criminal justice sector were negatively associated with the proportion of women of reproductive age who were pregnant upon admission to treatment. Additionally, the implementation of policies that engaged all three sectors was positively associated with the proportion of women of reproductive age who were pregnant upon admission to treatment. These results were consistent across age groups and for both non-Hispanic white women and women of other racial/ethnic groups. The findings imply that states with cross-sector policy engagement around prenatal substance use and policies that take a multifaceted, comprehensive approach are more likely to see an increase in admissions to substance use disorder treatment during pregnancy

Morphological Classification of Radio Galaxies using Semi-Supervised Group Equivariant CNNs

Out of the estimated few trillion galaxies, only around a million have been detected through radio frequencies, and only a tiny fraction, approximately a thousand, have been manually classified. We have addressed this disparity between labeled and unlabeled images of radio galaxies by employing a semi-supervised learning approach to classify them into the known Fanaroff-Riley Type I (FRI) and Type II (FRII) categories. A Group Equivariant Convolutional Neural Network (G-CNN) was used as an encoder of the state-of-the-art self-supervised methods SimCLR (A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations) and BYOL (Bootstrap Your Own Latent). The G-CNN preserves the equivariance for the Euclidean Group E(2), enabling it to effectively learn the representation of globally oriented feature maps. After representation learning, we trained a fully-connected classifier and fine-tuned the trained encoder with labeled data. Our findings demonstrate that our semi-supervised approach outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across several metrics, including cluster quality, convergence rate, accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1-score. Moreover, statistical significance testing via a t-test revealed that our method surpasses the performance of a fully supervised G-CNN. This study emphasizes the importance of semi-supervised learning in radio galaxy classification, where labeled data are still scarce, but the prospects for discovery are immense.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted in INNS Deep Learning Innovations and Applications (INNS DLIA 2023) workshop, IJCNN 2023, to be published in Procedia Computer Scienc

Disease modifying activity of methanolic extract of Colchicum luteum against experimental gout in broiler chicken

Colchicum luteum, a Himalayan herb has been found associated with immense pharmaceutical properties. The present study was aimed to study the protective effect of methanolic extract of C. luteum against the haemato-biochemical alterations due to sodium bicarbonate induced gout in broiler chicken. A total of 72 day old broiler chicks of average body weights 178±20.8 g were divided into 6 groups (I to VI, n=12). Group I served as vehicle-treated control and was given drinking water by oral gavage. Group II and III were given sodium bicarbonate @ 2.5 and 5% respectively in drinking water. Group IV and V were provided with 2.5 and 5% sodium bicarbonate along with C. luteum extract @ 50 mg/kg body weight respectively. Group VI served as treatment control and was given C. luteum extract @ 50 mg/kg body weight alone. Haematological and biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in haematological parameters (Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, and heterophil) and biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, uric acid, BUN, creatinine, total protein and albumin) in sodium bicarbonate intoxicated groups. All these parameters however, were comparatively reduced in the birds given C. luteum extract. Also, heterophil and monocyte counts were decreased significantly in group VI birds, supplemented with C. luteum extract only with no adverse effect on health of birds. The results from the present study establish the protective role of C. luteum extract against sodium bicarbonate induced haematological and biochemical alterations

Gendered Representations of Male and Female Social Actors in Iranian Educational Materials

This research investigates the representations of gendered social actors within the subversionary discourse of equal educational opportunities for males and females in Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) books. Using critical discourse analysis (CDA) as the theoretical framework, the authors blend van Leeuwen’s (Texts and practices: Readings in critical discourse analysis, Routledge, London, 2003) ‘Social Actor Network Model’ and Sunderland’s (Gendered discourses, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire, 2004) ‘Gendered Discourses Model’ in order to examine the depictions of male and female social actors within this gendered discourse. The gendered discourse of equal opportunities was buttressed by such representations within a tight perspective in proportion to gender ideologies prevailing in Iran. Resorting to CDA, we can claim that resistance against such gendered discourse in Iranian EFL textbooks militates against such gender norms. These representations of male and female social actors in school books are indicative of an all-encompassing education, reinforcing that the discourse of equal opportunities is yet to be realized in the education system of Iran