Genome Analysis Linking Recent European and African Influenza (H5N1) Viruses

Although linked, these viruses are distinct from earlier outbreak strains

A) Phylogenetic tree relating the influenza A (H5N1) hemagglutinin (HA) segments of 589 avian, feline, and human viruses

The tree includes all HA segments isolated since 2000 from humans (82 isolates, minimum sequence length 1,000 nt), birds (503 isolates, minimum length 1500 nt), and cats (4 isolates). The 36 newly sequenced genomes are highlighted in color. Human cases, which occur in all 4 of the major influenza (H5N1) clades, are highlighted in red. The scale bar indicates an F84 distance of 0.01. A full-scale version of this tree is provided as Figure 3. B) Phylogeny of 71 complete genomes (avian isolates, all 8 segments concatenated) and 3 HA sequences (human isolates, marked with red arrows) from Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Russia, and Asia. Bootstrap values represent the percentage of 1,000 bootstrap replicates for which the partition implied by the edge was observed; see Methods for further details. The 3 European-Middle Eastern-African (EMA) subclades from are indicated with the same color scheme. Isolates from human hosts are found only in EMA-1. Colors indicate locales. The names of the isolates newly sequenced in this study are shown in text.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Genome Analysis Linking Recent European and African Influenza (H5N1) Viruses"</p><p></p><p> 2007;13(5):713-718.</p><p>Published online Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2432181.</p><p></p

Phylogenetic tree of hemagglutinin (HA) segments from 36 avian influenza samples

A 2001 strain (A/duck/Anyang/AVL-1/2001) is used as an outgroup at top. Clade V1 comprises the 5 Vietnamese isolates at the bottom of the tree, and clade V2 comprises the 9 Vietnamese isolates near the top of the tree. The European-Middle Eastern-African (EMA) clade contains the remaining 22 isolates sequenced in this study; the 3 subclades are indicated by red, blue, and purple lines. The reassortant strain, A/chicken/Nigeria/1047–62/2006, is highlighted in red. Note that 4 segments including HA from this reassortant fall in EMA-1; the other 4 fall in EMA-2, as shown in . Bootstrap values supporting the 3 distinct EMA clades are taken from a consensus tree based on concatenated whole-genome sequences, excluding the reassortant strain. The consensus tree is provided as .<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Genome Analysis Linking Recent European and African Influenza (H5N1) Viruses"</p><p></p><p> 2007;13(5):713-718.</p><p>Published online Jan 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2432181.</p><p></p