Association Between Lipid Profile and Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcer is a serious disabling consequence of Diabetes Mellitus. They are characterized by the breakdown of skin and underlying tissues in the feet, and are a major cause of lower limb amputations. Various risk factors have been identified for the development of diabetic foot ulcers, including poor glycemic control, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and impaired wound healing. it is considered that the lipid profile is one of many factors that contribute to the formation and progression of diabetic foot ulcers. To stratify the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), biomarkers are required. The aim of this review is to assess the relationship between the risk of DFU and lipid profile in diabetic patients

The effect of increased colonic propionate production on appetite regulation and energy homeostasis in humans

Propionate is a short chain fatty acid produced in the colon via fermentation of undigested foods. Elegant in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that increased production of propionate in the gut can reduce body weight and energy intake, and improve glucose homeostasis. These positive effects have been attributed to increased levels of the gut hormones, PYY and GLP-1, increased energy expenditure and improved beta-cell function. Furthermore, bariatric surgery increases levels of colonic propionate and this likely contributes to the huge weight loss seen with this treatment. Additionally, other short chain fatty acids and the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates to increase levels of short chain fatty acids can delay gastric emptying and affect the central regulation of appetite. Taken together, these findings suggest propionate could have several beneficial health effects in humans. Inulin-propionate ester was developed to deliver propionate to the colon. Effects of acute delivery of propionate to the colon with a single dose of inulin-propionate ester was investigated in healthy human volunteers on energy intake, subjective ratings of appetite and satiety and plasma glucose and insulin levels. Potential mechanisms for any effects were explored by assessing plasma levels of PYY and GLP-1, gastric emptying using 13C-octanoic acid, energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry, and central effects using fMRI. In addition, encapsulated sodium propionate was used to assess delivery to the small intestine on appetite and glucose and insulin levels. Acutely increasing colonic levels of propionate significantly reduced energy intake, increased satiety, increased levels of PYY and GLP-1, and reduced anticipatory food behaviour in humans. No effects were observed on gastric emptying, plasma levels of glucose and insulin and energy expenditure. In addition, delivery of propionate to the small intestine did not affect appetite or plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Colonic propionate significantly reduced energy intake and reduced appetite likely through increasing levels of GLP-1 and PYY and reducing anticipatory food behaviour. In addition, propionate does not affect appetite or glucose and insulin levels via the small intestine. As obesity is a growing epidemic, it is likely that interventions that increase colonic propionate levels could prevent weight gain or drive weight loss by regulating energy homeostasis.Open Acces

Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids

We are currently facing an obesity pandemic, with worldwide obesity rates having tripled since 1975. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are now the leading cause of death worldwide. This calls for urgent action towards understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the development of obesity as well as developing more effective treatments and interventions. Appetite is carefully regulated in humans via the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can lead to an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, which often leads to overeating, and potentially weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity. Several lines of research have shown imbalances in gut hormones are found in those who are overweight or obese, which may be contributing to their condition. Therefore, this review examines the evidence for targeting gut hormones in the treatment of obesity by discussing how their dysregulation influences food intake, the potential possibility of altering the circulating levels of these hormones for treating obesity, as well as the role of short chain fatty acids and protein as novel treatments

Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids

We are currently facing an obesity pandemic, with worldwide obesity rates having tripled since 1975. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are now the leading cause of death worldwide. This calls for urgent action towards understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the development of obesity as well as developing more effective treatments and interventions. Appetite is carefully regulated in humans via the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, circulating satiating and appetite stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can lead to an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, which often leads to overeating, and potentially weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity. Several lines of research have shown imbalances in gut hormones are found in those who are overweight or obese, which may be contributing to their condition. Therefore, this review examines the evidence for targeting gut hormones in the treatment of obesity by discussing how their dysregulation influences food intake, the potential possibility of altering the circulating levels of these hormones for treating obesity, as well as the role of short chain fatty acids and protein as novel treatments