Comments on Westera et al. (2022), 'Support for people with dementia experiencing severe responsive behaviours: Unpacking the disconnect between policy and practice'.

LETTER TO THE EDITO

The use of global value chain/global production network related literature in international business research:investigating the nature and degree of integration

In this chapter, the authors present a brief literature review on how the International Business (IB) literature has evolved and taken shape over the ten-year period since the mid-2000s, along with how global value chain (GVC)/global production networks(GPN) studies can contribute to contemporary IB. The GPN framework has close linkages with global commodity chain analysis, proposed by G. Gereffi which subsequently evolved into the GVC framework. The GVC/GPN frameworks can contribute to the study of multinational enterprises (MNEs) internationalisation paths in a networked economy, MNEs' strategies for governing their production networks, and an increased understanding of power and knowledge dynamics between MNEs and other GVC/GPN actors. The authors outline the methodology of the systematic bibliographic analysis. It discusses the findings regarding the nature of GVC/GPN integration into IB studies. They investigate the relationship between their disciplinary backgrounds and the level of integration

An introduction to the special issue on internal waves

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, No. 2 (2012):15-19, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.37.This special issue of Oceanography presents a survey of recent work on internal waves in the ocean. The undersea analogue to the surface waves we see breaking on beaches, internal waves play an important role in transferring heat, energy, and momentum in the ocean. When they break, the turbulence they produce is a vital aspect of the ocean's meridional overturning circulation. Numerical circulation models must parameterize internal waves and their breaking because computers will likely never be powerful enough to simultaneously resolve climate and internal wave scales. The demonstrated sensitivity of these models to the magnitude and distribution of internal wave-driven mixing is the primary motivation for the study of oceanic internal waves. Because internal waves can travel far from their source regions to where they break, progress requires understanding not only their generation but also their propagation through the eddying ocean and the processes that eventually lead to their breaking. Additionally, in certain regions such as near coasts and near strong generation regions, internal waves can develop into sharp fronts wherein the thermocline dramatically shoals hundreds of meters in only a few minutes. These "nonlinear" internal waves can have horizontal currents of several knots (1 knot is roughly 2 meters per second), and are strong enough to significantly affect surface navigation of vessels. Vertical current anomalies often reach one knot as well, posing issues for subsurface navigation and engineering structures associated with offshore energy development. Finally, the upwelling and turbulent mixing supported by internal waves can be vital for transporting nutrient-rich fluid into coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs

Observations of Flow and Mixing in Juan de Fuca Canyon

Juan de Fuca Canyon, Washington, which cuts across the continental shelf from the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the shelf break, is a likely conduit for deep (below shelf break) Pacific water to enter the Salish Sea. This is important to the Salish Sea ecosystem because the deeper Pacific water has lower pH and dissolved oxygen. Despite its potential importance to Ocean Acidification in the Salish Sea, very few direct observations have been made in the Canyon. Here we report breaking internal lee waves, strong mixing and hydraulic control associated with wind-driven up-canyon flow near the shelf break in Juan de Fuca Canyon. Unlike the flow above the canyon rim, which shows a tidal modulation typical on continental shelves, the flow within the canyon is consistently up-canyon during our observations, with isopycnals tilted consistent with a geostrophic along-canyon momentum balance. As the flow encounters a sill near the canyon entrance at the shelf break, it accelerates significantly and undergoes elevated mixing on the upstream and downstream sides of the sill. On the downstream side, a strong lee wave response is seen, with displacements of O(100 m) and overturns tens of meters high. The resulting diffusivity is sufficient to substantially modify coastal water masses as they transit the canyon