Relation between surface solitons and bulk solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media

We find that a surface soliton in nonlocal nonlinear media can be regarded as a half of a bulk soliton with an antisymmetric amplitude distribution. The analytical solutions for the surface solitons and breathers in strongly nonlocal media are obtained, and the critical power and breather period are gotten analytically and confirmed by numerical simulations. In addition, the oscillating propagation of nonlocal surface solitons launched away from the stationary position is considered as the interaction between the soliton and its out-of-phase image beam. Its trajectory and oscillating period obtained by our model are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, 39 reference, Accepted by Opt. Expres

(2+1)D surface solitons at the interface between a linear medium and a nonlocal nonlinear medium

We address (2+1)D surface solitons occurring at the interface between a linear medium and a nonlocal nonlinear medium whose nonlinear contribution to the refractive index has a initial value at the interface. We find that there exist stable single and dipole surface solitons which do not exhibit a power threshold. The properties of the surface solitons can be affected by the initial value and the degree of nonlocality. When a laser beam is launched away from the interface, the beam will be periodic oscillations.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Despite Worthy Reforms, Saudi Women are still Second-class Citizens.

This article sheds the light on the missing parts on Saudi women's complete reforms, which is for the Saudi female citizen to be able to transfer her nationality to her children. A right that is depriving the Saudi female citizen from exercising and passing their nationality to their children when married with a non-Saudi

Despite Worthy Reforms, Saudi Women are still Second-class Citizens.

This article sheds the light on the missing parts on Saudi women's complete reforms, which is for the Saudi female citizen to be able to transfer her nationality to her children. A right that is depriving the Saudi female citizen from exercising and passing their nationality to their children when married with a non-Saudi

Band structure and reflectance for a nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystal

We consider a model for a one-dimensional photonic crystal formed by a succession of Kerr-type equidistant spaceless interfaces immersed in a linear medium. We calculate the band structure and reflectance of this structure as a function of the incident wave intensity, and find two main behaviors: the appearance of prohibited bands, and the separation and narrowing of these bands. A system with these features is obtained by alternating very thin slabs of a soft matter material with thicker solid films, which can be used to design a device to control light propagation for specific wavelength intervals and light intensities.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Discretized Quantum Exhaustive Search for Variational Quantum Algorithms

Quantum computers promise a great computational advantage over classical computers, yet currently available quantum devices have only a limited amount of qubits and a high level of noise, limiting the size of problems that can be solved accurately with those devices. Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as a leading strategy to address these limitations by optimizing cost functions based on measurement results of shallow-depth circuits. However, the optimization process usually suffers from severe trainability issues as a result of the exponentially large search space, mainly local minima and barren plateaus. Here we propose a novel method that can improve variational quantum algorithms -- ``discretized quantum exhaustive search''. On classical computers, exhaustive search, also named brute force, solves small-size NP complete and NP hard problems. Exhaustive search and efficient partial exhaustive search help designing heuristics and exact algorithms for solving larger-size problems by finding easy subcases or good approximations. We adopt this method to the quantum domain, by relying on mutually unbiased bases for the $2^n$-dimensional Hilbert space. We define a discretized quantum exhaustive search that works well for small size problems. We provide an example of an efficient partial discretized quantum exhaustive search for larger-size problems, in order to extend classical tools to the quantum computing domain, for near future and far future goals. Our method enables obtaining intuition on NP-complete and NP-hard problems as well as on Quantum Merlin Arthur (QMA)-complete and QMA-hard problems. We demonstrate our ideas in many simple cases, providing the energy landscape for various problems and presenting two types of energy curves via VQAs