COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INVITRO ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA AND SYZYGIUM CUMINI LEAVES

Psidium guajava L. known as Guava is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Syzygium cumini Linn. known as Jamun is a tropical tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Recent evidence has demonstrated that combination therapy could provide greater therapeutic benefits to diseases such as AIDS, cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetes, all of which possess complex etiology and pathophysiology that make the treatment difficult with single drug target approach. The present study was to compare the invitro anti-inflammatory activity of two plants from Myrtaceae family as well as to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the combined extracts (1:1mixture) of those plants by estimating the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, cellular nitrite levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase and myeloperoxidase using RAW 264.7 cells. Total ethanolic extracts of shade dried leaves were prepared and subjected to invitro anti-inflammatory study. The percentage inhibition of COX and 5 LOX by the combined extract, at 100 µg/ml was 55.67 and 48.02 respectively. The reduction in the cellular nitrite level (393.195 µg) and MPO level (0.00205U/ml) was comparable to that of standard. The results of the study showed that at 100 µg/ml, the combined extract (1:1 mixture) of the plants exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory activity than either of the individual plants in all the methods studied. On comparison of the anti-inflammatory activity, Syzygium cumini is found to be more active than Psidium guajava. Hence the combination of the two plants can be used to formulate drugs for various inflammatory disorders in traditional and modern medicine

EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF TWO PLANT EXTRACTS ON DIABETES MELLITUS

Objective: To investigate the anti-diabetic activity of combined ethanolic extracts (1:1mixture) of dry leaves of Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava belonging to the family Myrtaceae as well as to compare the anti-diabetic activity of these plants by in vitro methods.Methods: In vitro glucose uptake assay was performed on cultured L6 cell lines (rat myoblast cell line) and estimated the glucose uptake using high sensitivity glucose oxidase kit. In vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay was performed on porcine alpha amylase and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader. Acarbose was used as the standard in both the methods.Results: At a concentration of 100µg/ml the percentage glucose uptake by the combined ethanolic extract (1:1 mixture) of Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava leaves was 43.95 while for acarbose the corresponding value was 51.71. At 100 μg/ml the percentage of glucose uptake by Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava was 27.62 and 22.17 respectively. The percentage inhibition of alpha amylase by the combined ethanolic extract (1:1 mixture) of Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava leaves at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml was 36.51 and it was 29.26 for Syzygium cumini and 23.43 for Psidium guajava. For acarbose the percentage inhibition of alpha amylase was 73.82 at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml.Conclusion: The combined extract of the leaves of the plants selected was found to be more effective than individual plant extracts against diabetes. The percentage glucose uptake of the combined extract was found to be closer to that of the standard drug acarbose. On comparison of two plants Syzygium cumini was found to be more active against diabetes than Psidium guajava. As the 1:1 mixture of the ethanolic extract is found to be more active, the combination of the two plants can be used to formulate drugs for treating diabetes

Evaluation of Parentral Antibiotic Utilization in Medical Inpatients

ABSTRACT The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations on the utilization of antibiotics administered by the parental route. It was performed by evaluating the total number of doses of antibiotics consumed before and after imposing regulations. All the hospitalized patients in the medical ward were subjected for evaluation. The uses of all antibiotics were regulated using drug formulary and restrictions in the prescribing pattern. It was observed that the doses of antibiotics consumed by the parental route were altered significantly after the regulation

Multiparticulate System for Colon Targeted Delivery of Ondansetron

Targeted delivery of drugs to colon has the potential for local treatment of a variety of colonic diseases. The main objective of the study was to develop a multiparticulate system containing chitosan microspheres for the colon targeted delivery of ondansetron for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. This work combines pH-dependent solubility of eudragit S-100 polymers and microbial degradability of chitosan polymers. Chitosan microspheres containing ondansetron were prepared by emulsion cross linking method. The effect of process variables like chitosan concentration, drug-polymer ratio, emulsifier concentration and stirring speed were studied on particle size and entrapment efficiency of chitosan microspheres. In vitro drug release studies in simulated gastro intestinal fluids showed a burst drug release pattern in the initial hour necessitating microencapsulation around the chitosan microspheres. The optimized formulation was then subjected to microencapsulation with eudragit S-100 by solvent evaporation technique. The effect of different coat/core ratio on particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release were studied. Formulation which contain 1:10 core/coat ratio released lesser amount of drug in the upper gastro intestinal conditions and so selected as best formulation and then subjected to in vitro drug release studies in presence of rat ceacal contents to assess biodegradability of chitosan microspheres in colon. In order to study the drug release mechanism in vitro drug release data was fitted into various kinetic models. Analysis of regression values suggested that the possible drug release mechanism was Peppas model

Development and evaluation of antimicrobial herbal formulations containing the methanolic extract of Samadera indica for skin diseases

Samadera indica Gaetrn (Simaroubaceae) is claimed to possess various pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antifungal, antitumor, antiviral, and so on, but its taste is bitter. The aim of the present study is to investigate the toxicity of the methanolic extract and to develop suitable herbal formulations of the methanolic extract of Samadera indica, having efficient antimicrobial activity. The methanolic extract prepared from the dried leaves of Samadera indica by continuous hot percolation, were used to examine the toxicity, according to the OECD 423 guidelines, in Swiss Albino mice. Topical formulations were prepared by incorporating Samadera indica (5% w / w) in an emulsifying ointment and a carbopol gel base and evaluated for physical parameters and in-vitro antimicrobial activity (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans). The study reveals that no animals under the study showed any clinical signs of toxicity or mortality when administered a dose of 5 - 2000 mg / kg body weight. Therefore, the maximum tolerated dose of the methanolic extract of Samadera indica was above 2000 mg / kg body weight. The formulated ointment and gel had acceptable physical parameters that showed that they were compatible with the skin, and in addition to this, these formulations passed the short-term stability studies. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity studies showed that the formulated ointment showed significantly strong (p < 0.05) activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans than the formulated gel. Thus, the present study concludes that the formulated ointment and gel are safe and efficient antimicrobial formulations for the topical delivery of the methanolic extract of Samadera indica

Transferrin-Conjugated Docetaxel–PLGA Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting: Influence on MCF-7 Cell Cycle

Targeted drug delivery systems are commonly used to improve the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs by increasing their selectivity and reducing systemic distribution and toxicity. Ligand-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) can be effectively applied for active chemotherapeutic targeting to overexpressed receptors of tumor cells. In this study, transferrin (Tf) was successfully conjugated with poly-L-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) using ethylene diamine confirmed by NMR, for the loading of docetaxel trihydrate (DCT) into PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). The DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were produced by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique, and a 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the nanoparticle formulations. The DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), TEM, particle size, and zeta potential analysis. In vitro release kinetics confirmed that release of DCT from the designed formulations followed a zero-order kinetics and a diffusion controlled non-Fickian release profile. The DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were evaluated in vitro in MCF-7 cells for bioactivity assessment. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed that the Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were more active than the non-conjugated counterparts. Cell uptake studies re-confirmed the ligand-mediated active targeting of the formulated NPs. From the cell cycle analysis, the anti-cancer activity of DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs was shown to occur by arresting the G2/M phase

Correction: Jose et al. Transferrin-Conjugated Docetaxel–PLGA Nanoparticles for Tumor Targeting: Influence on MCF-7 Cell Cycle. <i>Polymers</i> 2019, <i>11</i>, 1905

In the original publication [...

Transferrin-conjugated docetaxel-PLGA nanoparticles for tumor targeting: influence on MCF-7 cell cycle

Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/11/1905/s1, Figure S1. FTIR spectrum of docetaxel trihydrate (DCT) (upper), of physical mixture of docetaxel trihydrate, transferrin (Tf) and PLGA (middle), and of DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs (lower); Figure S2. DSC thermogram of PLGA (A), transferrin (B), docetaxel trihydrate (C), their physical mixture (D) and of DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs (E); Figure S3. (A) X-ray diffraction pattern of docetaxel trihydrate, (B) physical mixture of docetaxel trihydrate, transferrin and PLGA, and of (C) DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs. Figure S4. (A) Particle size distribution and average particle size and (B) zeta potential of DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs.Targeted drug delivery systems are commonly used to improve the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs by increasing their selectivity and reducing systemic distribution and toxicity. Ligand-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) can be effectively applied for active chemotherapeutic targeting to overexpressed receptors of tumor cells. In this study, transferrin (Tf) was successfully conjugated with poly-l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) using ethylene diamine confirmed by NMR, for the loading of docetaxel trihydrate (DCT) into PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). The DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were produced by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique, and a 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the nanoparticle formulations. The DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), TEM, particle size, and zeta potential analysis. In vitro release kinetics confirmed that release of DCT from the designed formulations followed a zero-order kinetics and a diffusion controlled non-Fickian release profile. The DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were evaluated in vitro in MCF-7 cells for bioactivity assessment. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed that the Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs were more active than the non-conjugated counterparts. Cell uptake studies re-confirmed the ligand-mediated active targeting of the formulated NPs. From the cell cycle analysis, the anti-cancer activity of DCT-loaded Tf-conjugated PLGA NPs was shown to occur by arresting the G2/M phase.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, India, under Research Promotion Scheme (RPS 2012–2013). The authors are also thankful to the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT/MEC) for funding the project M-ERA-NET-0004/2015 (PAIRED), through national funds and co-financed by FEDER under the Partnership Agreement PT2020. The authors acknowledge the support of the research project: Nutraceutica come supporto nutrizionale nel paziente oncologico, CUP: B83D18000140007.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Vinayaka Missions University,Salem,Tamil Nadu,India.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of restriction on the appropriateness of the antibiotic use. It was performed before and after the restricted use of antibiotics in all the hospitalized patients in the medical ward. The uses of all antibiotics were regulated and uses of certain antibiotics were restricted. It was observed that the appropriateness was increased after restriction. The culture based treatment also increased. The causes for inappropriate use also studied. All the important parameters showed significant reductions after the regulation. This article can be downloaded from www.ijpbs.ne