Development of microsprinkler prototypes through rapid prototyping and mechanical lathing

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, construir protótipos de microaspersores, com boa uniformidade de distribuição para irrigações com sobreposição em hortas agrícolas, utilizando-se os processos de prototipagem rápida e torneamento mecânico. O estudo foi conduzido na ESALQ/USP e no Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer (CTI). Utilizou-se o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen na avaliação do desempenho dos emissores. O PVC e o tecnyl foram os materiais que apresentaram mais facilidade na construção dos protótipos no processo de torneamento mecânico, porém o PVC foi o escolhido devido ao melhor acabamento. Os protótipos construídos com torneamento mecânico apresentaram resultados satisfatórios ressaltando tratar-se de um processo bastante artesanal e laborioso; já com a prototipagem rápida se construíram protótipos com melhores acabamentos e mais rapidez. A utilização da prototipagem rápida no desenvolvimento de equipamentos de irrigação é algo totalmente inovador e de caráter pioneiro, além de uma ferramenta de grande utilidade na área de inovação de produtos no setor de Engenharia Agrícola.The present study had the objective of developing prototypes of microsprinkler with good distribution uniformity to irrigate with overlap in vegetable crops, by rapid prototyping and mechanic tournament. The work was carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and in the Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer (CTI). Two processes were tested in the development of the microsprinkler prototypes rapid prototype and mechanical lathing. Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient was used as indicator to evaluate the distribution uniformity. Among the tested materials, the PVC and the technyl showed more facility in the prototype development in the mechanical lathing process, however, the PVC was chosen due to better finishing. The prototypes built by mechanical lathing showed satisfactory results, but were hard work and handmade. On the other hand, with the rapid prototyping, prototypes were built with better finishing and were quicker. The utilization of rapid prototyping in the development of irrigation devices is something completely innovative and pioneering, besides being a tool of great utility in the product innovation in the Agricultural Engineering sector.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), pelo apoio financeiro a esta pesquisa, através do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Engenharia da Irrigação (INCTEI

Development of a system for control of water pH for microirrigation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema eletrônico de controle do pH da água para microirrigação. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (LEB) da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP). O sistema de controle consta de um sensor de pH, um circuito eletrônico programado para manter o pH da água em 5,5 e um dispositivo de injeção de ácido controlado por uma válvula solenóide comandada por pulsos elétricos enviados pelo circuito eletrônico. O sistema foi testado em águas de diferentes valores iniciais de pH (variando de 6,2 a 9,2) sob vazão constante (264 L h-1) e variável, sendo efetuada a medição do pH imediatamente à jusante do sistema e ao longo da linha lateral, nos pontos situados a 1, 14, 29 e 44 m do início e em diferentes intervalos de tempo a partir do início dos ensaios. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a eficiência do sistema para manter o pH da água na faixa desejada, tanto para a condição de vazão constante quanto para a variável. Não foram verificadas variações temporais nem espaciais significativas na linha lateral de irrigação.The aim of this work was to develop an electronic system for control of water pH in microirrigation. The study was accomplished in the Hydraulics Laboratory of Biossystems Engineering Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP). The water pH control system has a device for acid injection controlled by a solenoid valve. This valve is switched on by electric pulses from a microcontroller. The system was evaluated for different water pH values (ranging from 6.2 to 9.2) under constant (264 L h-1) and variable flow. The pH was measured immediately on system downstream, and along the lateral line at 1, 14, 29, and 44 m from the lateral inlet, tests were also accomplished for different intervals of time. The obtained results proved the efficiency of the system on maintaining water pH in desired range for constant and variable flow conditions. Meaningful temporal or spatial variations along lateral irrigation line were not observed

Irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: II - Field evaluations

ABSTRACT In this study, a field evaluation of the performance of an irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension (SWT) was performed. The controller employs a tensiometer used as a sensor of SWT to directly control a mechanically actuated hydraulic valve. Six controllers were installed in an orchard to control the irrigation for six rows of plants over 64 days. Each controller controlled the irrigation of one lateral drip line. The drip irrigation system was gravity-fed from a water source placed 7 m above the soil surface. The SWT and the pressure in each lateral line were measured to evaluate the performance of the controllers. All the controllers tested in the field autonomously initiated and terminated the irrigation during the evaluation. Irrigation events were initiated when values close to the set soil-tension values were reached and were terminated at lower soil-tension values. As the SWT in the root zone was maintained close to the setup threshold plus 20% tolerance for at least 90% of the evaluation period, the performance of the controllers was considered satisfactory. The proposed controller was shown to be functional and was operated effectively for an SWT range of up to 30 kPa, which is commonly encountered under high-frequency irrigation conditions

An irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: I - Design, development and laboratory evaluations

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an irrigation controller that was mechanically actuated by soil-water tension within laboratory conditions. The controller was designed and constructed using readily available hydraulic fittings and other componentry. The main components of the controller were a tensiometer; a rubber diaphragm that moves according to the variation in tension inside of the tensiometer; an activation rod that transfers the movement from diaphragm to the switch valve; and a steel spring that regulates the activation of soil water tension. Six irrigation controller samples were tested in the laboratory to evaluate the mechanical performance and component forces required to activate the controllers. The relationship between spring adjustment and soil water tension required to open the irrigation valve was linear with a gradient ranging from 1.10 to 1.41 kPa mm-1 and a coefficient of variation of 9.2%. However, differences observed in the activation of the soil water tension could also be reduced by individual controller calibration. The calibration of the soil water tension required to initiate irrigation was easily set by adjusting the spring. The proposed controller is functional, simple to use, can be easily adjusted, and does not require electricity to operate