Taxonomic analysis of compost, LCB_l, LCB_lr and LCB_s cultures on a phylum level (left panel) and most abundant genera representing each at least 1% of all assigned sequences (right panel).

<p>Data are means of replicate sequencing runs and cultures.</p

Composition of pretreated lignocelluloses substrates, expressed as percentages of dry weight.

<p>Composition of pretreated lignocelluloses substrates, expressed as percentages of dry weight.</p

Number of CAZyme hits on individual reads and assembled sequences.

<p>Number of CAZyme hits on individual reads and assembled sequences.</p

Functional analysis of metagenomes.

<p>Analysis was realized using reads and normalized to the total number of annotated genes in each meatgenome. In the upper panel representing primary functions, gene abundance is normalized to 10³ annotated genes. The lower panel presents secondary functions with gene numbers normalized to 10⁴ annotated genes.</p

In situ photographs of the Nimes burials, with a synthesis of age and sex of individuals, radiocarbon dates, maternal and paternal lineages.

<p>Note that the number near the funerary pit is the recording number of the picture. The stones around the burial SP7089 correspond to a roman wall and some stones were reused to close the funerary pit.</p

Simplified phylogeny of the mitochondrial lineages (L1c3a1a, K1a4a and H1) and geographic repartition of the Y-chromosome lineage E-M81 characterised on the SP7080, SP7089 and SP9269 human remains.

<p>Simplified phylogeny of the mitochondrial lineages (L1c3a1a, K1a4a and H1) and geographic repartition of the Y-chromosome lineage E-M81 characterised on the SP7080, SP7089 and SP9269 human remains.</p

Summary of raw and assembled data obtained in the six 454 pyrosequencing runs.

<p>Summary of raw and assembled data obtained in the six 454 pyrosequencing runs.</p

Map of the medieval town of Nimes, with a zoom on the excavations area that revealed the Muslim burials SP7080, SP7089 and SP9269 (analysed in the present study) and the burial SP8138.

<p>(Infography G. Devilder from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0148583#pone.0148583.ref043" target="_blank">43</a>]).</p

Principal component analysis of original compost metagenome CI (blue), LCB_S1, LCB_S2 (green), LCB_L1, LCB_L2 and LCB_Lr metagenomes (red), realized with MG-RAST.

<p>The two components represented explain about 90% of the difference between the samples.</p

Schematic representation of experiment set-up and workflow of sampling for DNA extraction and activity measurements

<p>Schematic representation of experiment set-up and workflow of sampling for DNA extraction and activity measurements</p