Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease and Associated Risk Factors in a Brazilian Rural Population: The Baependi Heart Study

<div><p>Abstract Background: The identification of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can help prevent further progression of the disease and additional complications, considering that this condition is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. Objective: To assess the prevalence of PAD in the Baependi Heart Study and investigate associated risk factors in different age groups. Methods: A total of 1,627 individuals (of both genders and aged 18 - 102 years) residing in the municipality of Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brazil) were selected for this study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated by standard techniques. Physical activity level was determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The screening of PAD was performed by determination of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: In the overall sample, the prevalence of PAD was 1.05%, and reached 5.2% after the age of 70 years. The frequency and intensity of smoking were higher in individuals with PAD. A prior history of myocardial infarction and a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle were also associated with PAD. In addition, PAD was more frequent in blacks than whites. In multivariable analysis, age, diabetes, smoking, and physical inactivity remained independently associated with PAD. Conclusion: The prevalence of PAD was low and increased clearly with age in our sample from a Brazilian rural population. Furthermore, the main risk factors for PAD in the investigated sample were smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and age. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p></div

Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension in a Brazilian population: Baependi Heart Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Recently, some studies have evaluated the role of adiposity measures in the prediction of hypertension risk, but the results are conflicting. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare which of the four indicators of adiposity (waist circumference–WC, body mass index–BMI, body adiposity index–BAI, and visceral adiposity index–VAI) were better associated with hypertension in a Brazilian population.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>For this study, were selected 1627 individuals (both genders, and aged over 18 years) resident in the municipality of Baependi, a city located in the Southeast of Brazil. WC, BMI, BAI and VAI were determined according to a standard protocol. Hypertension was defined as mean systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, and/or antihypertensive drug use. The indicators of adiposity WC, BMI, BAI, and VAI were higher in hypertensive when compared to non-hypertensive individuals. In addition, WC and BMI were most strongly associated with hypertension in men and women, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of WC was significantly higher than VAI in men. In women, both AUC of BMI and WC showed higher discriminatory power to predict hypertension than BAI and VAI.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The indicators of adiposity WC and BMI were better associated with hypertension than BAI and VAI, in both genders, and it could be a useful tools for the screening of hypertensive patients.</p></div

Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension by logistic regression multivariate analysis in a Brazilian population.

<p>Association between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and hypertension by logistic regression multivariate analysis in a Brazilian population.</p

General characteristics of subjects stratified by hypertension.

<p>General characteristics of subjects stratified by hypertension.</p

Discriminatory power of anthropometric indicators of adiposity in the hypertension screening in a Brazilian population.

<p>Area under the ROC curve (AUC): (a) male and (b) female. WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; BAI, body adiposity index; VAI, visceral adiposity index. The AUC, cutoffs, sensitivity and specificity values are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0185225#pone.0185225.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Baseline clinical, laboratorial and histological data of 196 LN patients and according to renal outcome.

<p>* p = Mann-Whitney or chi-square.</p><p>** 9 patients were excluded because treatment was not performed or interrupted.</p><p>IQR, interquartile range.</p

Linkage disequilibrium structure of <i>MYH9</i> and <i>APOL1</i> gene polymorphisms in 196 LN Brazilian patients.

<p>Linkage disequilibrium structure of <i>MYH9</i> and <i>APOL1</i> gene polymorphisms in 196 LN Brazilian patients.</p

Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models on the risk of CKD according to rs3752462 MYH9 polymorphism.

<p>* Cox proportional hazard models.</p

Determination of the optimal cutoffs values and AUC for WC, BMI, BAI and VAI in a Brazilian population.

<p>Determination of the optimal cutoffs values and AUC for WC, BMI, BAI and VAI in a Brazilian population.</p

Baseline clinical, laboratorial and histological data according to <i>MYH9</i> E1 haplotype groups.

<p>* p = Mann-Whitney or chi-square.</p><p>** 9 patients were excluded because treatment was not performed or interrupted.</p><p>IQR, interquartile range.</p