Synthesis and biocompatibility of an experimental glass ionomer cement prepared by a non-hydrolytic sol-gel method

The aims of this study were to demonstrate the synthesis of an experimental glass ionomer cement (GIC) by the non-hydrolytic sol-gel method and to evaluate its biocompatibility in comparison to a conventional glass ionomer cement (Vidrion R). Four polyethylene tubes containing the tested cements were implanted in the dorsal region of 15 rats, as follows: GI - experimental GIC and GII - conventional GIC. The external tube walls was considered the control group (CG). The rats were sacrificed 7, 21 and 42 days after implant placement for histopathological analysis. A four-point (I-IV) scoring system was used to graduate the inflammatory reaction. Regarding the experimental GIC sintherization, thermogravimetric and x-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated vitreous material formation at 110oC by the sol-gel method. For biocompatibility test, results showed a moderate chronic inflammatory reaction for GI (III), severe for GII (IV) and mild for CG (II) at 7 days. After 21 days, GI presented a mild reaction (II); GII, moderate (III) and CG, mild (II). At 42 days, GI showed a mild/absent inflammatory reaction (II to I), similar to GII (II to I). CG presented absence of chronic inflammatory reaction (I). It was concluded that the experimental GIC presented mild/absent tissue reaction after 42 days, being biocompatible when tested in the connective tissue of rats.O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a sinterização pelo método sol-gel não-hidrolítico de um cimento de ionômero de vidro experimental (CIV) e avaliar sua biocompatibilidade em relação a um cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (Vidrion R). Quatro tubos de polietileno contendo os cimentos testados foram implantados no dorso de 15 ratos, da seguinte maneira: GI - CIV Experimental e GII - CIV Convencional. A lateral do tubo foi considerada Grupo Controle. Os ratos foram sacrificados em 7, 21 e 42 dias pós-implantação para análise histopatológica. Uma escala de I a IV foi utilizada como sistema de score para graduar a reação inflamatória. Em relação à sinterização do CIV experimental, as análises termogravométrica e por difração de raio-x demonstraram a formação de material vítreo aos 110oC pelo método sol-gel. Para o teste de biocompatibilidade, os resultados mostraram uma reação inflamatória moderada para o GI (III), severa para o GII (IV) e branda para o Grupo Controle (II) aos 7 dias. Após 21 dias, GI apresentou uma reação branda (II); GII, moderada (III) e Grupo Controle, branda (II). Aos 42 dias, GI apresentou uma reação inflamatória branda/ausente (II a I), similar ao GII (II a I). O Grupo Controle demonstrou ausência de reação inflamatória (I). Concluiu-se que o CIV Experimental apresentou reação tecidual branda/ausente após 42 dias, sendo biocompatível quando testado em tecido conjuntivo de ratos

Script concordance test in medical schools in Brazil: possibilities and limitations

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Routine use of the script concordance test (SCT) is not common in Brazilian universities. This study aimed to analyze application of the SCT in the medical school of a Brazilian university. DESIGN AND SETTING: Quantitative, analytical and descriptive study in the medical school of a Brazilian university. METHODS: A total of 159/550 students participated. The test comprised ten clinical cases within internal medicine, with five items per case, rated on a five-point Likert scale. The test was scored in accordance with a marking key that had been validated by a reference panel. RESULTS: In the pre-clinical and clinical phases, the mean scores were 51.6% and 63.4% of the maximum possible scores, respectively. Comparison of the means of the responses among all the years showed that there were significant differences in 40% of the items. The panel marked all the possible answers in five items, while in one item, all the panelists marked a single answer. Cronbach's alpha was 0.64. The results indicated that the more senior students performed better. Construction of an SCT with discriminative questions was not easy. The low reliability index may have occurred due to: a) problems with the construction of the questions; b) limitations of the reference panel; and/or c) the scoring key. CONCLUSION: This instrument is very difficult to construct, apply and correct. These difficulties may make application of an SCT as an assessment method unfeasible in units with limited resources

Development of clinical reasoning in an undergraduate medical program at a Brazilian university

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE The cognitive processes relating to the development of clinical reasoning are only partially understood, which explains the difficulties in teaching this skill in medical courses. This study aimed to understand how clinical reasoning develops among undergraduate medical students. DESIGN AND SETTING Quantitative and qualitative exploratory descriptive study conducted at the medical school of Universidade Federal de Goiás. METHODS The focus group technique was used among 40 students who participated in five focus groups, with eight students from each year, from the first to fifth year of the medical school program. The material was subjected to content analysis in categories, and was subsequently quantified and subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test for inferential statistics. RESULTS The content of the students' statements was divided into two categories: clinical reasoning - in the preclinical phase, clinical reasoning was based on knowledge of basic medical science and in the clinical phase, there was a change to pattern recognition; knowledge of basic medical science - 80.6% of the students recognized its use, but they stated that they only used it in difficult cases. CONCLUSION In the preclinical phase, in a medical school with a traditional curriculum, clinical reasoning depends on the knowledge acquired from basic medical science, while in the clinical phase, it becomes based on pattern recognition

Schéma de Développement du Territoire :Contribution de la CPDT à l'analyse contextuelle

La Wallonie se doit de construire et d’affirmer une vision stratégique de son territoire. La Déclaration de Politique régionale (DPR) 2017-2019 réaffirme l’importance de poursuivre la révision du Schéma de Développement de l’Espace Régional (SDER). Ce nouveau document s’appellera le SDT :le Schéma de Développement du Territoire.Tel que prévu à l’article D.II.1 du Code du Développement Territorial, son établissement nécessite préalablement une analyse contextuelle qui comporte :• les principaux enjeux territoriaux,• les perspectives et les besoins en termes sociaux, économiques, démographiques, énergétiques, patrimoniaux, environnementaux,• les potentialités et les contraintes du territoire.La rédaction de l’analyse contextuelle du Schéma du Développement Territorial s’est appuyée sur plusieurs étapes de travail et a été réalisé par différentes équipes de recherche de la Conférence Permanente du Développement Territorial (CPDT) en collaboration avec la Direction générale opérationnelle de l’Aménagement du territoire, du Logement, du Patrimoine et de l’Énergie (DGO4) et la Cellule de Développement Territorial (CDT). Plusieurs autres services publics et administrations ont également apporté leur appui à ce document qui a été rédigé en lien étroit avec les autorités régionales.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Schéma de Développement du Territoire: Contribution de la CPDT à l'analyse contextuelle

La note de recherche n°74 de la CPDT présente les contributions de la Conférence à l'analyse territoriale préalable au travail de réalisation du Schéma de Développement du Territoire de Wallonie.This research note from the walloon Permanent Conference of Territorial Development (CPDT) presents the Conference's contributions to the territorial analysis prior to the implementation of the Development Plan for the Territory of Wallonia

Estudo da prevalência das doenças tireoidianas em pacientes tireoidectomizados no Hospital da Santa Casa de Goiânia

OBJETIVO: O Estado de Goiás deixou de ser oficialmente considerado como região endêmica de bócio em 1995. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a correspondência entre os diagnósticos das doenças tireoidianas (bócio endêmico, tireoidites e câncer), observados nos laudos anátomo-patológicos e nas observações dos inquéritos epidemiológicos. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 1399 pacientes submetidos a tireoidectomias na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia de 1993 a 2003, e que resultaram em 1610 diagnósticos anátomo-patológicos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados dos exames anátomo-patológicos dos pacientes revelaram: a) adenoma folicular 155 (9,63%); b) outros adenomas 29 (1,8%); c) bócio adenomatoso 87 (5,4%); d) bócio colóide 981 (60,9%); e) carcinoma folicular 36 (2,24%); f) carcinoma indiferenciado 3 (0,19%); g) carcinoma papilífero 93 (5,78%); h) cistos 9 (0,56%); i) bócio difuso tóxico 75 (4,66%); j) outras tireoidites 12 (0,75%); l) outras neoplasias malignas 6 (0,38%) e m) tireoidite linfocítica 124 (7,71%). CONCLUSÕES: O perfil observado com uma prevalência alta de tireoidite linfocítica e carcinoma papilífero se correlaciona realmente com região não endêmica

High-Density UAV-LiDAR in an Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest System: Sampling Forest Inventory or Forest Inventory Based on Individual Tree Detection (ITD)

Lidar point clouds have been frequently used in forest inventories. The higher point density has provided better representation of trees in forest plantations. So we developed a new approach to fill this gap in the integrated crop-livestock-forest system, the sampling forest inventory, which uses the principles of individual tree detection applied under different plot arrangements. We use a UAV-lidar system (GatorEye) to scan an integrated crop-livestock-forest system with Eucalyptus benthamii seed forest plantations. On the high density UAV-lidar point cloud (>1400 pts. m2), we perform a comparison of two forest inventory approaches: Sampling Forest Inventory (SFI) with circular (1380 m2 and 2300 m2) and linear (15 trees and 25 trees) plots and Individual Tree Detection (ITD). The parametric population values came from the approach with measurements taken in the field, called forest inventory (FI). Basal area and volume estimates were performed considering the field heights and the heights measured in the LiDAR point clouds. We performed a comparison of the variables number of trees, basal area, and volume per hectare. The variables by scenarios were submitted to analysis of variance to verify if the averages are considered different or equivalent. The RMSE (%) were calculated to explain the deviation between the measured volume (filed) and estimated volume (LiDAR) values of these variables. Additionally, we calculated rRMSE, Standard error, AIC, R2, Bias, and residual charts. The basal area values ranged from 7.40 m2 ha−1 (C1380) to 8.14 m2 ha−1 281 (C2300), about −5.9% less than the real value (8.65 m2 ha−1). The C2300 scenario was the only one whose confidence interval (CI) limits included the basal area real. For the total stand volume, the ITD scenario was the one that presented the closer values (689.29 m3) to the real total value (683.88 m3) with the real value positioned in the CI. Our findings indicate that for the stand conditions under study, the SFI approach (C2300) that considers an area of 2300 m2 is adequate to generate estimates at the same level as the ITD approach. Thus, our study should be able to assist in the selection of an optimal plot size to generate estimates with minimized errors and gain in processing time