Are Tents a \u27Home\u27? Extending Section 8 Privacy Rights for the Precariously Housed

The home, for most of us, is an obvious zone to assert privacy and property rights. However, this is not the case for those whose control of residential space is precarious. Our paper focuses on privacy rights under the Canadian constitution for those living in tents and, specifically, the judicial rejection of a tent as a home garnering legal protection under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. We focus on a 2018 case from British Columbia, R. v. Picard, the only judicial decision that we could locate that has explored this question. In holding that the tent is not a home, Picard draws from the venerable castle doctrine, the deeply rooted legal principle that cements enhanced legal protection for the home. Drawing from legal geography, we argue that the castle doctrine is grounded in a particular legal-spatial imaginary, such that the home is represented in its ideal form as a privately owned detached dwelling. The connection between privacy rights and the home, as reflected in jurisprudence, is grounded in property rights, which formally excluded all but white men in colonial North America and continues to be linked to systemic inequality. As we illustrate in this paper, the exclusion of those in tents and other forms of precarious housing, including those dwelling in cars, from exercising enhanced privacy rights afforded to the home exacerbates the inequalities of the most vulnerable, such that the legal protections of “home” are not available to those living in tents. We conclude that the basis for the denial of tents as homes is legally flawed and should be reconsidered in future jurisprudence

Are Tents a \u27Home\u27? Extending Section 8 Privacy Rights for the Precariously Housed

The home, for most of us, is an obvious zone to assert privacy and property rights. However, this is not the case for those whose control of residential space is precarious. Our paper focuses on privacy rights under the Canadian constitution for those living in tents and, specifically, the judicial rejection of a tent as a home garnering legal protection under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. We focus on a 2018 case from British Columbia, R. v. Picard, the only judicial decision that we could locate that has explored this question. In holding that the tent is not a home, Picard draws from the venerable castle doctrine, the deeply rooted legal principle that cements enhanced legal protection for the home. Drawing from legal geography, we argue that the castle doctrine is grounded in a particular legal-spatial imaginary, such that the home is represented in its ideal form as a privately owned detached dwelling. The connection between privacy rights and the home, as reflected in jurisprudence, is grounded in property rights, which formally excluded all but white men in colonial North America and continues to be linked to systemic inequality. As we illustrate in this paper, the exclusion of those in tents and other forms of precarious housing, including those dwelling in cars, from exercising enhanced privacy rights afforded to the home exacerbates the inequalities of the most vulnerable, such that the legal protections of “home” are not available to those living in tents. We conclude that the basis for the denial of tents as homes is legally flawed and should be reconsidered in future jurisprudence

Are Tents a “Home”? Extending Section 8 Privacy Rights for the Precariously Housed

The home, for most of us, is an obvious zone to assert privacy and property rights. This is not the case for those whose control of residential space is precarious. Our article focuses on privacy rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms for those living in tents and, specifically, the judicial rejection of the tent as a home garnering legal protection under section 8. We focus on a 2018 case from British Columbia, R v. Picard, the only judicial decision that we could locate that has explored this question. In holding that the tent is not a home, Picard draws from the venerable castle doctrine—the legal principle that cements enhanced legal protection for the home. Drawing from legal geography, we argue that the castle doctrine is grounded in a particular legal-spatial imaginary, such that the home is represented in its ideal form as a privately owned detached dwelling. The connection between privacy rights and the home, as reflected in jurisprudence, is grounded in property rights that formally excluded all but white men in colonial North America and continues to be linked to systemic inequality. The exclusion of those living in tents and other forms of precarious housing from exercising enhanced privacy rights afforded to the home exacerbates existing inequalities, as the most vulnerable are unable to benefit from legal protections of the home. We conclude that the denial of tents as homes is legally flawed and should be reconsidered in future jurisprudence.Le foyer, pour la majorité d’entre nous, est une zone évidente pour faire valoir les droits à la vie privée et à la propriété. Ce n’est pas le cas pour ceux dont le contrôle de l’espace résidentiel est précaire. Notre article porte sur le droit à la vie privée garanti par la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés pour les personnes vivant dans des tentes et, plus précisément, sur le rejet judiciaire de la tente en tant que domicile bénéficiant de la protection juridique de l’article 8. Nous nous concentrons sur un cas de 2018 provenant de la Colombie-Britannique, R c. Picard, la seule décision que nous avons pu localiser qui a exploré cette question. En statuant que la tente n’est pas un domicile, le juge dans l’affaire Picard s’inspire de la vénérable doctrine du château—le principe juridique qui confère une protection juridique accrue au domicile. En nous appuyant sur la littérature provenant du domaine de la géographie juridique, nous soutenons que la doctrine du château est ancrée dans un imaginaire spatio-juridique particulier, de sorte que le foyer est représenté dans sa forme idéale comme une habitation individuelle privée. Le lien entre le droit à la vie privée et à un foyer, tel qu’il est reflété dans la jurisprudence, est fondé sur les droits de propriété qui excluaient formellement tous les individus n’étant pas des hommes blancs dans l’Amérique du Nord coloniale et qui continuent d’être liés à l’inégalité systémique. Le fait d’exclure les personnes vivant dans des tentes et d’autres formes de logement précaire de la possibilité d’exercer les droits à la vie privée accordés au domicile exacerbe les inégalités actuelles, car les personnes les plus vulnérables ne peuvent pas bénéficier des protections légales du domicile. Nous concluons que le refus de considérer les tentes comme des foyers est juridiquement erroné et devrait être reconsidéré dans une jurisprudence future

The Influence of Soil Properties on Grain Production in Spring Forage Pea Crop

Forage pea (Pisum arvense f. aestivale), also known as field pea, is one of the important species cultivated in our country for the feed of several animal species, due to the remarkable content of the grains in proteins, calcium, vitamins, but also in other essential elements for animal nutrition. Also, together with oats, it forms the spring mash, which is well-known for its high fodder quality. The research carried out during three experimental years, in the climate and soil conditions of the Arad Plain, regarding the cultivation of spring forage pea, highlighted the importance of soil fertility, as well as the importance of the water from precipitation during winter and growth period. Among the three experimental years (2020, 2021 and 2022), the best results regarding grain production were recorded by the spring forage pea variety Salamanca with determined growth, in the year of 2021, on a cambic chernozem, low carbonate, medium loam/medium loam clay type of soil, when the grain production exceeded 4.800 kg/ha, STAS grains. The same genetic material (Salamanca variety), cultivated under identical technological conditions, on a weakly stagnoglazed vertosoil, medium loam clay/dusty-clay type of soil, achieved a significantly lower grain production, of less than 4.000 kg/ha. It is remarkable that, in the all three years of spring forage pea cultivation, the grain production obtained on the cambic chernozem type of soil exceeded, each time, the value of 4.000 kg/ha, while, in the case of the vertosoil, every year recorded a production below the value of 4.000 kg/ha, making soil fertility as one of the most determinant factors for production of this significant legume crop

Genetic Effects on Old-Age Cognitive Functioning: A Population-Based Study

Associations between genotypes and cognitive outcomes may provide clues as to which mechanisms cause individual differences in old-age cognitive performance. We investigated the effects of five polymorphisms on cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of 2,694 persons without dementia (60-102 years). A structural equation model (SEM) was fit to the cognitive data, yielding five specific latent factors (perceptual speed, episodic memory, semantic memory, category fluency, and letter fluency), as well as a global cognitive factor. These factors showed the expected associations with chronological age. Genotyping was performed for five single-nucleotide polymorphisms that have been associated with cognitive performance: APOE (rs429358), COMT (rs4680), BDNF (rs6265), KIBRA (rs17070145), and CLSTN2 (rs6439886). After controlling for age, gender, and education, as well as correcting for multiple comparisons, we observed negative effects of being an APOE epsilon 4 carrier on episodic memory and perceptual speed. Furthermore, being a CLSTN2 TT carrier was associated with poorer semantic memory. For the global factor, the same pattern of results was observed. In addition, being a BDNF any A carrier was associated with better cognitive performance. Also, older age was associated with stronger genetic effects of APOE on global cognition. However, this interaction effect was partly driven by the presence of preclinical dementia cases in our sample. Similarly, excluding future dementia cases attenuated the effects of APOE on episodic memory and global cognition, suggesting that part of the effects of APOE on old-age cognitive performance may be driven by dementia-related processes

Research Regarding the Use of Benctonic Macro Invertebrates on Bega River Water Quality Determination in the Timisoara Area

The benthic macro invertebrates are considered in this century to be one of the most important biological parameters for the quality of surface waters and they have the following characteristics: they live in constant contact with the sediments where pollutants are accumulated, have a fairly long-lasting lifecycle, are present in all types of aquatic ecosystems, are easily collected and quite easy to identify. The aim of this paper is to show the use of benthic macro invertebrates on Bega River water quality determination in the Timisoara area. After the identification of macro invertebrates has done, it have been performed the density, abundance and frequency of the sample. Based on these values, we can say that the upstream segment waters falls into the category of superior quality compared to the waters of the central segment, especially in the downstream segment

pH and Design on n–Alkyl Alcohol Bulk Liquid Membranes for Improving Phenol Derivative Transport and Separation

Regardless of the type of liquid membrane (LM) (Bulk Liquid Membranes (BLM), Supported Liquid Membranes (SLM) or Emulsion Liquid Membranes (ELM)), transport and separation of chemical species are conditioned by the operational (OP) and constructive design parameters (DP) of the permeation module. In the present study, the pH of the aqueous source phase (SP) and receiving phase (RP) of the proposed membrane system were selected as operational parameters. The mode of contacting the phases was chosen as the convective transport generator. The experiments used BLM-type membranes with spheres in free rotation as film contact elements of the aqueous phases with the membrane. The target chemical species were selected in the range of phenol derivatives (PD), 4–nitrophenol (NP), 2,4–dichlorophenol (DCP) and 2,4–dinitrophenol (DNP), all being substances of technical-economic and environmental interest. Due to their acid character, they allow the evaluation of the influence of pH as a determining operational parameter of transport and separation through a membrane consisting of n–octanol or n–decanol (n–AlcM). The comparative study performed for the transport of 4–nitrophenol (NP) showed that the module based on spheres (Ms) was more performant than the one with phase dispersion under the form of droplets (Md). The sphere material influenced the transport of 4–nitrophenol (NP). The transport module with glass spheres (Gl) was superior to the one using copper spheres (Cu), but especially with the one with steel spheres (St). In all the studied cases, the sphere-based module (Ms) had superior transport results compared to the module with droplets (Md). The extraction efficiency (EE) and the transport of 2,4–dichlorophenol (DCP) and 2,4–dinitrophenol (DNP), studied in the module with glass spheres, showed that the two phenolic derivatives could be separated by adjusting the pH of the source phase. At the acidic pH of the source phase (pH = 2), the two derivatives were extracted with good results (EE > 90%), while for pH values ranging from 4 to 6, they could be separated, with DCP having doubled separation efficiency compared to DNP. At a pH of 8 in the source phase, the extraction efficiency halved for both phenolic compounds

pH and Design on <i>n</i>–Alkyl Alcohol Bulk Liquid Membranes for Improving Phenol Derivative Transport and Separation

Regardless of the type of liquid membrane (LM) (Bulk Liquid Membranes (BLM), Supported Liquid Membranes (SLM) or Emulsion Liquid Membranes (ELM)), transport and separation of chemical species are conditioned by the operational (OP) and constructive design parameters (DP) of the permeation module. In the present study, the pH of the aqueous source phase (SP) and receiving phase (RP) of the proposed membrane system were selected as operational parameters. The mode of contacting the phases was chosen as the convective transport generator. The experiments used BLM-type membranes with spheres in free rotation as film contact elements of the aqueous phases with the membrane. The target chemical species were selected in the range of phenol derivatives (PD), 4–nitrophenol (NP), 2,4–dichlorophenol (DCP) and 2,4–dinitrophenol (DNP), all being substances of technical-economic and environmental interest. Due to their acid character, they allow the evaluation of the influence of pH as a determining operational parameter of transport and separation through a membrane consisting of n–octanol or n–decanol (n–AlcM). The comparative study performed for the transport of 4–nitrophenol (NP) showed that the module based on spheres (Ms) was more performant than the one with phase dispersion under the form of droplets (Md). The sphere material influenced the transport of 4–nitrophenol (NP). The transport module with glass spheres (Gl) was superior to the one using copper spheres (Cu), but especially with the one with steel spheres (St). In all the studied cases, the sphere-based module (Ms) had superior transport results compared to the module with droplets (Md). The extraction efficiency (EE) and the transport of 2,4–dichlorophenol (DCP) and 2,4–dinitrophenol (DNP), studied in the module with glass spheres, showed that the two phenolic derivatives could be separated by adjusting the pH of the source phase. At the acidic pH of the source phase (pH = 2), the two derivatives were extracted with good results (EE > 90%), while for pH values ranging from 4 to 6, they could be separated, with DCP having doubled separation efficiency compared to DNP. At a pH of 8 in the source phase, the extraction efficiency halved for both phenolic compounds