Characteristics of antibiotic resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella circulating in the Russian Federation in the period from 2019 to 2022

Introduction. Non-typhoidal Salmonella make a significant contribution to the incidence of enteric infections and are characterized by an increasing proportion of strains resistant to antimicrobial agents (AMA), including the first choice antibiotics (cephalosporins III and fluoroquinolones). The purpose of the study is to assess the phenotypic resistance of Salmonella to various classes of AMAs and determine the relationship between the phenotypic resistance, serotype, source of isolation and nature of incidence. Materials and methods. We studied 752 representative strains of Salmonella of 2494 strains isolated from various sources (clinical samples, food products, environment) received from 59 regions of Russia in the period from 2019 to 2022. The phenotypic resistance to 22 antibiotics of 11 CLSI classes of AMAs was assessed by broth microdilution method (minimum inhibitory concentration). The diversity of resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes was compared using the Shannon index. Results. The dominant position in terms of isolation frequency is occupied by the serotypes Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Muenchen, S. Typhimurium, S. Bovismorbificans, which accounted for 64.4% of the studied strains. 543 (72.2%) strains showed resistance to at least one of the tested antibiotics; 193 (25.7%) strains were characterized by multidrug resistance phenotype (MDR). Resistance to AMA classes was characterized by the following distribution: quinolones (61.3%), tetracyclines (28.1%), penicillins (19.1%), β-lactam combination agents (18.6%), folate pathway antagonists (16, 5%), phenicols (10.1%), aminoglycosides (5.6%), cephems (4.7%), monobactams (4.4%), lipopeptides (3.9%). No penem-resistant strains have been identified. The features of Salmonella resistance by AMA classes are shown to depend on the sources of isolation, the Salmonella serotype and the nature of the incidence (outbreak and sporadic). Conclusions. Monitoring of phenotypic antibiotic resistance is an important tool for epidemiological surveillance in order to prevent the spread of bacterial resistance to AMAs

Ротавирусная инфекция у детей — нерешенная проблема. Обзор рекомендаций по вакцинопрофилактике

These clinical guidelines were developed by the professional association of pediatric specialists «Union of Pediatricians of Russia» and approved by the Association’s Executive Committee at the Congress of Pediatricians of Russia «Actual Problems of Pediatrics». Clinical guidelines are devoted to the problem of rotavirus infection, the relevance of which is determined by the high prevalence level and significant contribution of infectious diarrhea to the mortality pattern of children in the first 5 years of life. We present epidemiological data and detailed information on the infectious agent and pathogenesis of rotavirus infection progression. A detailed picture of clinical manifestations as well as extraintestinal complications is presented. The approach to specific prophylaxis has been reasoned. Practical recommendations for immunization as well as various regimens for administering the vaccine, depending on the age and condition of the patient, are given.Данные клинические рекомендации разработаны профессиональной ассоциацией детских специалистов «Союз педиатров России» и утверждены Исполкомом ассоциации на Съезде педиатров России «Актуальные проблемы педиатрии». Клинические рекомендации посвящены проблеме ротавирусной инфекции, актуальность которой определяется высоким уровнем распространенности и значительным вкладом инфекционной диареи в структуру смертности детей первых 5 лет жизни. Приводятся эпидемиологические данные, подробно описаны особенности возбудителя, патогенез развития ротавирусной инфекции. Представлена развернутая картина клинических проявлений, а также внекишечных осложнений. Обоснована тактика специфической профилактики. Даны практические рекомендации по проведению иммунизации, а также различные схемы введения вакцины в зависимости от возраста и состояния пациента

Rotavirus Infection in Children is an Unsolved Problem. Review of Guidelines for Vaccinal Prevention

These clinical guidelines were developed by the professional association of pediatric specialists «Union of Pediatricians of Russia» and approved by the Association’s Executive Committee at the Congress of Pediatricians of Russia «Actual Problems of Pediatrics». Clinical guidelines are devoted to the problem of rotavirus infection, the relevance of which is determined by the high prevalence level and significant contribution of infectious diarrhea to the mortality pattern of children in the first 5 years of life. We present epidemiological data and detailed information on the infectious agent and pathogenesis of rotavirus infection progression. A detailed picture of clinical manifestations as well as extraintestinal complications is presented. The approach to specific prophylaxis has been reasoned. Practical recommendations for immunization as well as various regimens for administering the vaccine, depending on the age and condition of the patient, are given