Baseline characteristics stratified according to tertiles of CASP-12 scores (lowest, middle and highest subjective wellbeing) Total N = 12,246.

<p>Baseline characteristics stratified according to tertiles of CASP-12 scores (lowest, middle and highest subjective wellbeing) Total N = 12,246.</p

Supplemental methods and results from Chimpanzee intellect: personality, performance and motivation with touchscreen tasks

Human intellect is characterized by intercorrelated psychological domains, including intelligence, academic performance and personality. Higher openness is associated with higher intelligence and better academic performance, yet high performance among individuals is itself attributable to intelligence, not openness. High conscientiousness individuals, although not necessarily more intelligent, are better performers. Work with other species is not as extensive, yet animals display similar relationships between exploration and persistence related personality traits and performance on cognitive tasks. However, previous studies linking cognition and personality have not tracked learning, performance and dropout over time—three crucial elements of cognitive performance. We conducted three participatory experiments with touchscreen cognitive tasks among 19 zoo-housed chimpanzees, whose personalities were assessed 3 years prior to the study. Performance and participation were recorded across experiments. High conscientiousness chimpanzees participated more, dropped out less and performed better, but their performance could be explained by their experience with the task. High openness chimpanzees tended to be more interested, perform better and continued to participate when not rewarded with food. Our results demonstrate that chimpanzees, like humans, possess broad intellectual capacities that are affected by their personalities

Baseline characteristics of the Analytic Sample According to Vital Status after 15 years of follow-up.

<p>Note. The N and % refer to the available N and valid % (percentage of the available data) before multiple imputation of missing data prior to the Cox regression models.</p

Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) for the Relation of Reaction Time Measures with Mortality in Three Age Groups.

<p><i>Note</i>. CVD = cardiovascular disease, HR = hazard ratio, CI = confidence interval, BMI = Body Mass Index, SES = socio-economic status, SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure, CRP = C-reactive Protein.</p

Baseline characteristics of the Analytic Sample According to Mean Reaction Time.

<p><i>Note</i>s.</p>a<p>Fast/medium/slow groups derived from tertiles of simple reaction time.</p>b<p>P value for linear trend.</p

Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) for the Relation of Reaction Time Measures with Mortality.

<p><i>Note</i>. CVD = cardiovascular disease, HR = hazard ratio, CI = confidence interval, BMI = Body Mass Index, SES = socio-economic status, SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure, CRP = C-reactive Protein.</p>a<p>The % shown are the percent attenuation of to the beta coefficient (logit), not the hazard ratio, comparing each model to model 1 (all-cause and CVD mortality).</p

Mean personality domain scores by genotype for chimpanzees living in Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto, the sanctuary in Guinea, and the combined sample.

†<p>The combined samples includes 26 subjects from Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto, 21 subjects from Guinea, and a total of 10 subjects from the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (<i>n</i> = 5), Higashiyama Zoo (<i>n</i> = 2), Itouzu-no-mori Zoo (<i>n</i> = 1), Kouchi Zoo (<i>n</i> = 1), and Tama Zoo (<i>n</i> = 1).</p

Summary table of the subjects' sex, age, genotype, and personality <i>T</i>-score^†.

<p>Note.</p>†<p><i>Mean</i> = 50 and <i>SD</i> = 10. Dom = Dominance, Ext = Extraversion, Con = Conscientiousness, Agr = Agreeableness, Neu = Neuroticism, Opn = Openness.</p><p>*Other Japanese chimpanzees include 5 subjects from the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute, 2 subjects from the Higashiyama Zoo, 1 chimpanzee from the Itouzu-no-mori Zoo, 1 chimpanzee from the Kouchi Zoo, and 1 chimpanzee from the Tama Zoo.</p

Effect of Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 polymorphism on chimpanzee personality trait: Linear regression analysis with sex and age as the covariates.

<p>Note.</p>†<p>MAF: minor allele frequency.</p><p>*The combined samples includes 26 subjects from Chimpanzee Sanctuary Uto, 21 subjects from Guinea, and a total of 10 subjects from the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (<i>n</i> = 5), Higashiyama Zoo (<i>n</i> = 2), Itouzu-no-mori Zoo (<i>n</i> = 1), Kouchi Zoo (<i>n</i> = 1), and Tama Zoo (<i>n</i> = 1). Boldfaced values indicate statistically significant effects (<i>p</i><.05). Underlined values indicate trends (<i>p</i><0.1).</p