Sulphanilamides in gonorrhoea

Sulphanilamide, sulphapyridine and sulphathiazole are exceedingly potent drugs in the treatment of gonorrhoea, and there is not much to choose between them in the matter of cure. Toxic effects were frequent but were never severe. They were much more marked with sulphapyridine, especially in the female, but we seem to have found the solution to this in sulphathiazole. All cases need observation and strict instructions how to take the drug in order to secure the maximum benefit. It is not enough to give a box of tablets, promise cure, and neglect tests for cure. Relapses occurred in the majority of cases after inadequate doses given by the patients' private practitioners, and no good results can be obtained by using the suiphanilamides again in adequate doses until the patient loses his drug resistance which takes about fourteen days. Sulphapyridine should in an uncomplicated case dry up discharge in twenty-four hours. If it fails to do so, suspect complication. The Gonococcal Complement Fixation test in the male is of importance as a test in doubtful clinical cases without a positive smear, and in the female as a test for cure. Early cases under treatment with sulphapyridine (M & B 693) however, never become positive

THE MINOAN SANTORINI ERUPTION AND TSUNAMI DEPOSITS IN PALAIKASTRO (CRETE):DATING BY GEOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, C-14, AND EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY

Deposits from the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption in the eastern Mediterranean region Constitute the most important regional stratigraphic marker in the chronological perplexity of the 2nd Millennium BCE. Extensive tsunami deposits were discovered in Crete at the Minoan archaeological site of Palaikastro, containing reworked volcanic Santorini ash. Hence, airborne deposition of volcanic ash, probably during the 1st (Plinian) eruption phase. preceded the tsunami, which was apparently generated during the 3rd or 4th phase of the eruption, based oil evidence from Thera. Average radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated) of animal bones in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits along the coast (3350 +/- 25 BP) and at the inland archaeological site (3352 +/- 23 BP) are astoundingly similar to the average C-14 date for the Minoan Santorini eruption at Akrotiri on Thera (3350 +/- 10 BP). The wiggle-matched C-14 date of the eruption ill calendar years is 1627-1600 cal BCE. Late Minoan IA pottery is the youngest element in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits, fitting with the LM IA archaeological date for the Santorini eruption, conventionally linked at similar to 1500 BCE with Dynasty XVIII of the historical Egyptian chronology. The reasons for the discrepancy of 100-150 yr between C-14 dating and Egyptian chronology for part of the 2nd millennium BCE are unknown. C-14 dates from Tell el-Dab(c)a in the eastern Nile Delta show that the C-14 age of the Santorini eruption matches With C-14 results from 18th Dynasty strata C3 and C2. thereby confirming grosso modo the conventional archaeo-historical correlations between the Aegean and Egypt. We propose that a dual dating System is used in parallel: (1) archaeological material-cultural correlations linked to Egyptian chronology: (2) C-14 dating. Mixing of dates front the 2 systems may lead to erroneous archaeological and historical correlations. A "calibration curve" Should be established between Egyptian chronology and C-14 dating for the 2nd millennium BCE, which may also assist to resolve the cause of the discrepancy

THE MINOAN SANTORINI ERUPTION AND TSUNAMI DEPOSITS IN PALAIKASTRO (CRETE):DATING BY GEOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY, C-14, AND EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY

Deposits from the Minoan Santorini (Thera) eruption in the eastern Mediterranean region Constitute the most important regional stratigraphic marker in the chronological perplexity of the 2nd Millennium BCE. Extensive tsunami deposits were discovered in Crete at the Minoan archaeological site of Palaikastro, containing reworked volcanic Santorini ash. Hence, airborne deposition of volcanic ash, probably during the 1st (Plinian) eruption phase. preceded the tsunami, which was apparently generated during the 3rd or 4th phase of the eruption, based oil evidence from Thera. Average radiocarbon dates (uncalibrated) of animal bones in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits along the coast (3350 +/- 25 BP) and at the inland archaeological site (3352 +/- 23 BP) are astoundingly similar to the average C-14 date for the Minoan Santorini eruption at Akrotiri on Thera (3350 +/- 10 BP). The wiggle-matched C-14 date of the eruption ill calendar years is 1627-1600 cal BCE. Late Minoan IA pottery is the youngest element in the Palaikastro tsunami deposits, fitting with the LM IA archaeological date for the Santorini eruption, conventionally linked at similar to 1500 BCE with Dynasty XVIII of the historical Egyptian chronology. The reasons for the discrepancy of 100-150 yr between C-14 dating and Egyptian chronology for part of the 2nd millennium BCE are unknown. C-14 dates from Tell el-Dab(c)a in the eastern Nile Delta show that the C-14 age of the Santorini eruption matches With C-14 results from 18th Dynasty strata C3 and C2. thereby confirming grosso modo the conventional archaeo-historical correlations between the Aegean and Egypt. We propose that a dual dating System is used in parallel: (1) archaeological material-cultural correlations linked to Egyptian chronology: (2) C-14 dating. Mixing of dates front the 2 systems may lead to erroneous archaeological and historical correlations. A "calibration curve" Should be established between Egyptian chronology and C-14 dating for the 2nd millennium BCE, which may also assist to resolve the cause of the discrepancy.</p

Mapping cumulative noise from shipping to inform marine spatial planning

Including ocean noise in marine spatial planning requires predictions of noise levels on large spatiotemporal scales. Based on a simple sound transmission model and ship track data (Automatic Identification System, AIS), cumulative underwater acoustic energy from shipping was mapped throughout 2008 in the west Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone, showing high noise levels in critical habitats for endangered resident killer whales, exceeding limits of “good conservation status” under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Error analysis proved that rough calculations of noise occurrence and propagation can form a basis for management processes, because spending resources on unnecessary detail is wasteful and delays remedial action

Retinal Vascular Measures from Diabetes Retinal Screening Photographs and Risk of Incident Dementia in Type 2 Diabetes:A GoDARTS Study

OBJECTIVE: Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of dementia. Improved prediction of dementia is an important goal in developing future prevention strategies. Diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) photographs may be a convenient source of imaging biomarkers of brain health. We therefore investigated the association of retinal vascular measures (RVMs) from DRS photographs in patients with type 2 diabetes with dementia risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: RVMs were obtained from 6,111 patients in the GoDARTS bioresource (635 incident cases) using VAMPIRE software. Their association, independent of Apo E4 genotype and clinical parameters, was determined for incident all cause dementia (ACD) and separately Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). We used Cox’s proportional hazards with competing risk of death without dementia. The potential value of RVMs to increase the accuracy of risk prediction was evaluated. RESULTS: Increased retinal arteriolar fractal dimension associated with increased risk of ACD (csHR 1.17; 1.08–1.26) and AD (HR 1.33; 1.16–1.52), whereas increased venular fractal dimension (FDV) was associated with reduced risk of AD (csHR 0.85; 0.74–0.96). Conversely, FDV was associated with increased risk of VD (csHR 1.22; 1.07–1.40). Wider arteriolar calibre was associated with a reduced risk of ACD (csHR 0.9; 0.83–0.98) and wider venular calibre was associated with a reduced risk of AD (csHR 0.87; 0.78–0.97). Accounting for competing risk did not substantially alter these findings. RVMs significantly increased the accuracy of prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional DRS photographs could enhance stratifying patients with diabetes at increased risk of dementia facilitating the development of future prevention strategies

Dietary patterns and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional association in the Irish Nun Eye Study

Associations between dietary patterns and chronic kidney disease are not well established, especially in European populations. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1033 older Irish women (age range 56–100 years) with a restricted lifestyle. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Renal function was determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate. Two dietary patterns were identified within the study population using factor analysis. A significant negative association was found between unhealthy dietary pattern adherence and renal function in both unadjusted and adjusted models controlling for potential confounding variables (p for trend &lt;0.001), with a mean difference in estimated glomerular filtration rate of −6 ml/min/1.73 m2 between those in the highest fifth of adherence to the unhealthy dietary pattern compared to the lowest, in the fully adjusted model. Chronic kidney disease risk was significantly greater for the highest fifth, compared to the lowest fifth of unhealthy dietary pattern adherence in adjusted models (adjusted odds ratio = 2.62, p &lt; 0.001). Adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was not associated with renal function or chronic kidney disease in adjusted models. In this cohort, an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with lower renal function and greater prevalence of chronic kidney disease

Potential Benefits of Vessel Slowdowns on Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales

A voluntary commercial vessel slowdown trial was conducted through 16 nm of shipping lanes overlapping critical habitat of at-risk southern resident killer whales (SRKW) in the Salish Sea. From August 7 to October 6, 2017, the trial requested piloted vessels to slow to 11 knots speed-through-water. Analysis of AIS vessel tracking data showed that 350 of 951 (37%) piloted transits achieved this target speed, 421 of 951 (44%) transits achieved speeds within one knot of this target (i.e., ≤12 knots), and 55% achieved speeds ≤ 13 knots. Slowdown results were compared to ‘Baseline’ noise of the same region, matched across lunar months. A local hydrophone listening station in Lime Kiln State Park, 2.3 km from the shipping lane, recorded 1.2 dB reductions in median broadband noise (10–100,000 Hz, rms) compared to the Baseline period, despite longer transit. The median reduction was 2.5 dB when filtering only for periods when commercial vessels were within 6 km radius of Lime Kiln. The reductions were highest in the 1st decade band (-3.1 dB, 10–100 Hz) and lowest in the 4th decade band (-0.3 dB reduction, 10–100 kHz). A regional vessel noise model predicted noise for a range of traffic volume and vessel speed scenarios for a 1133 km2 ‘Slowdown region’ containing the 16 nm of shipping lanes. A temporally and spatially explicit simulation model evaluated the changes in traffic volume and speed on SRKW in their foraging habitat within this Slowdown region. The model tracked the number and magnitude of noise-exposure events that impacted each of 78 (simulated) SRKW across different traffic scenarios. These disturbance metrics were simplified to a cumulative effect termed ‘potential lost foraging time’ that corresponded to the sum of disturbance events described by assumptions of time that whales could not forage due to noise disturbance. The model predicted that the voluntary Slowdown trial achieved 22% reduction in ‘potential lost foraging time’ for SRKW, with 40% reductions under 100% 11-knot participation. Slower vessel speeds reduced underwater noise in the Slowdown area despite longer passage times and therefore suggest this is an effective way to benefit SRKW habitat function in the vicinity of shipping lanes