Overlap between differentially methylated genes in sperm and differentially expressed genes in offspring.

<p><b>A)</b> CTRL v DEF comparison. Common in sperm and female offspring: Smc4, Spon2, Gpd2, Aurka, Tspan8, Tbc1d10a, Lss, Abhd2, Fdps, Hsd17b7, Dsg1c. Common in sperm and male offspring: Lrrc16a. Common in sperm and female and male offspring: Apol9b. <b>B)</b> CTR v SUPP comparison. Common in sperm and female offspring: 1300002K09Rik, Cyp3a16, Ethe1, Igf2, 1810011O10Rik. Common in sperm and male offspring: Col27a1.</p

Top networks of differentially expressed genes between CTRL and SUPP offspring unique to females.

<p><b>A)</b>. Network associated with ‘Lipid Metabolism’, ‘Behavior’ and ‘Nervous System Development and Function’. Score = 36. <b>B)</b>. Network associated with ‘Glutathione Depletion in Liver’, ‘Drug Metabolism’ and ‘Protein Synthesis’. Score = 44. Red = up-regulated in SUPP, Green = down-regulated in SUPP. Unshaded genes are present in the biological network but were not significantly altered in our dataset. The network score is a negative log p value of the Fisher exact test, which is testing whether these genes are grouped by chance.</p

Body weight of Apc^1638N offspring of fathers fed diets differing in B vitamin content.

<p><b>A)</b> Body weight of DEF compared to CTRL offspring, by sex. <b>B)</b> Body weight of SUPP compared to CTRL offspring, by sex. Repeated-measures ANOVA for paternal diet effect p = 0.64 and 0.02 in males and female offspring respectively. Paternal diets: DEF, B-vitamin deficient; CTRL, B-vitamin replete; SUPP, B-vitamin supplemented.<b>*</b> denotes significant difference (in females) compared to CTRL (p ≤0.05) by t-test. n = 14–22 per group.</p

Design of animal experiment.

<p>Apc1638N (+/−), mice heterozygous for truncation mutation in the <i>Apc</i> gene; WT (+/+), C57BL6/J mice wild-type for Apc gene; DEF, B-vitamin deficient; CTRL, B-vitamin replete; SUPP, B-vitamin supplemented; M, male; F, female.</p

Effect of differential B vitamin intake on blood B vitamin concentration in fathers.

<p>Effect of differential B vitamin intake on blood B vitamin concentration in fathers.</p

Hepatic folate content of weanling wild-type and adult Apc^1638N offspring of fathers consuming different quantities of B vitamins.

<p>Hepatic folate content of weanling wild-type and adult Apc^1638N offspring of fathers consuming different quantities of B vitamins.</p

Effect of paternal B vitamin supplementation on hepatic gene expression and triglyceride concentration in female offspring.

<p>Gene expression levels are expressed as Fragments Per Kilobase Of Exon Per Million Fragments Mapped (FPKM). Triglycerides are expressed as μg/mg protein. CTRL, control; SUPP, supplemented (father’s diet).^a q<0.05, ^b p = 0.002 vs CTRL.</p