Means and standard errors for task performance for preterm children with birth weight ≤ 1500 g and > 1500 g, and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.

<p>Measures were number of named animals (animals), recalled digits (digits), and how many times a button could be unfastened and fastened (button). Performance in the tray concurrent task was excluded from the figure as both groups showed no variance in this task. <i>P</i> values are presented for significant main effects of walking conditions (comparing single task vs. dual- and triple tasks) and for linear trends showing increasing gait performance from preterm children with birth weight ≤ 1500 g to preterm children with birth weight > 1500 g to full-term children. For statistical analyses log-transformed parameters of task performance were used.</p

Means (and standard deviations) of spatio-temporal gait parameters for preterm and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.

<p>Means (and standard deviations) of spatio-temporal gait parameters for preterm and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.</p

Demographic characteristics of preterm and full-term children.

<p>Demographic characteristics of preterm and full-term children.</p

Means (and standard deviations) of normalized gait parameters for preterm and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.

<p>Means (and standard deviations) of normalized gait parameters for preterm and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.</p

Means (and standard deviations) of gait variability parameters for preterm and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.

<p>Means (and standard deviations) of gait variability parameters for preterm and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.</p

Correlations between gait parameters in single-task walking (<i>N</i> = 88).

<p>Correlations between gait parameters in single-task walking (<i>N</i> = 88).</p

Means and standard errors for gait variability including stride velocity variability (A) and stride length variability (B) for preterm children with birth weight ≤ 1500 g and > 1500 g, and full-term children in single-, dual-, and triple-task conditions.

<p>Concurrent tasks were naming animals (animals), listening to and memorizing digits (digits), carrying a tray with table tennis balls (tray), and unfastening and fastening a button (button). <i>P</i> values are presented for significant main effects of walking conditions (comparing single task vs. dual and triple tasks) and for linear trends showing increasing gait performance from preterm children with birth weight ≤ 1500 g to preterm children with birth weight > 1500 g to full-term children. For statistical analyses log-transformed parameters of gait variability were used.</p

Statistical results from the repeated-measures MANOVAs comparing the single- to the dual- and triple-task conditions for each gait parameter.

<p>Statistical results from the repeated-measures MANOVAs comparing the single- to the dual- and triple-task conditions for each gait parameter.</p

Mediation of the relationship between gestational age and IQ by GMV in preterm children (gestational age range: 24–32 completed weeks’ gestation).

<p>The direct effect predicting full scale IQ by GA controlling GMV volume is displayed in brackets. Coefficients are standardized regression coefficients controlled for age, sex, and maternal education. Explained variance (Δ<i>r</i>) is derived from a model that entered the predictor in a separate step holding covariates constant. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.</p

Brain volumes and cognitive functions by gestational age groups.

<p><b>A)</b> Mean values and standard errors of Gray Matter Volume (GMV) and White Matter Volume (WMV) based on 1000 bootstrap samples by five gestational age groups (children born 24–27 completed weeks’ gestation, 28–29 completed weeks’ gestation, 30–31 completed weeks’ gestation, 32 completed weeks’ gestation and term born children) controlling age, sex, and maternal education. <b>B)</b> Mean values and standard errors of cognitive functions (IQ score normative mean = 100, SD = 15) based on 1000 bootstrap samples by five gestational age groups (children born 24–27 completed weeks’ gestation, 28–29 completed weeks’ gestation, 30–31 completed weeks’ gestation, 32 completed weeks’ gestation and term born children) controlling age, sex, and maternal education. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.</p