'In countries so unciviliz'd as those?': the language of incivility and the British experience of the world

’Civilisation’, wrote Arnold J. Toynbee in the 1950s, ‘is a movement, not a condition; it is a voyage, not a harbour.’1 In a similar vein, the ways in which peoples and nations have thought others to be civilised, or uncivilised, have altered and changed over time. This development is true particularly of the contact over the past 1,000 years between the British and those they thought to be, and deemed, ‘uncivilised’. The ways in which British writers represented and constructed these ‘uncivilised’ peoples in their factual narratives and explanations, and the extent to which those writers engaged with shifting and changing conceptions of such people, allow an insight into the reactions and attitudes of the British towards those they encountered through imperial expansions and travel abroad. This chapter therefore seeks to analyse the ways in which the English-speaking peoples have sought to conceptualise those deemed uncivil, through an investigation into the word choices which scholars now know were available to them at each stage in the evolution of the English language

Pinpointing the massive black hole in the Galactic Center with gravitationally lensed stars

A new statistical method for pinpointing the massive black hole (BH) in the Galactic Center on the IR grid is presented and applied to astrometric IR observations of stars close to the BH. This is of interest for measuring the IR emission from the BH, in order to constrain accretion models; for solving the orbits of stars near the BH, in order to measure the BH mass and to search for general relativistic effects; and for detecting the fluctuations of the BH away from the dynamical center of the stellar cluster, in order to study the stellar potential. The BH lies on the line connecting the two images of any background source it gravitationally lenses, and so the intersection of these lines fixes its position. A combined search for a lensing signal and for the BH shows that the most likely point of intersection coincides with the center of acceleration of stars orbiting the BH. This statistical detection of lensing by the BH has a random probability of ~0.01. It can be verified by deep IR stellar spectroscopy, which will determine whether the most likely lensed image pair candidates (listed here) have identical spectra.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to ApJ

Hidden Algebra of Three-Body Integrable Systems

It is shown that all 3-body quantal integrable systems that emerge in the Hamiltonian reduction method possess the same hidden algebraic structure. All of them are given by a second degree polynomial in generators of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of differential operators. It leads to new families of the orthogonal polynomials in two variables.Comment: 11 pages, AMS-LaTeX, no figures, minor typos corrected, to appear in Mod.Phys.Lett.

Test of scaling theory in two dimensions in the presence of valley splitting and intervalley scattering in Si-MOSFETs

We show that once the effects of valley splitting and intervalley scattering are incorporated, renormalization group theory consistently describes the metallic phase in silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors down to the lowest accessible temperatures

Managerial Accounting AS An Element Of Information Resources Management Of An Enterprise

The questions of the information resources organization and formation mechanism of an enterprise through financial and managerial reporting data and accounting data prism are highlighted. The sequence formation elements and enterprise information resources use are considered. The formation of the enterprises information resource, based on managerial accounting, is studied, which is a priority aspect of modern decision-making support, as well as other components of business tools - financial management and audit. Information resource management has certain functions that are general and inherent in all business systems. The nature of the prepared reports and information filling of the financial statements are subordinated to general objectives. That is, it contains a range of financial information that should be publicly available and useful to a wide range of users and decision-making, and not specifically devised to the needs of a particular group or set of decision-making. Managerial reports are specialized reports that are designed either for a solution of a specific decision or for a specific manager. The directions of the information resource management development on the basis of information technology use and information technology impact on the accounting development are disclosed