Exploitative Beneficial Effects of Citrus Fruits

Citrus fruits trees have come to gain a worldwide recognition for their suiting refreshing juice, nutritious value and numerous health benefits and maintenances. Their applied health therapeutic uses have been exploited in the treatment of several health challenges as antitumor, anti-inflammatory anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial activities, against cardiovascular diseases and macular degeneration. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice has been shown to effectively serve as hypolipidemic, possesses the ability to interact with orthodox medicines. Obviously, citrus fruits’ abilities on the exploited benefits are not far from their rich bioactive compounds and phytochemical such as minerals, vitamins, flavonoids and carotenoids. These phytochemicals may act as antioxidants, boosting the action of protective enzymes in the liver, reverse lipid peroxidation of genetic material and improve immune system. A close look at this chapter includes introduction, history and description, structures and biochemistry of phytochemicals, metabolism of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds and beneficial effects of citrus fruits

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With an immense sense of approbation and unalloyed concession, I appreciate my appointment as an editorial board member of Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR). My sincere and heart-felt congratulation to all members of the editorial board for these milestone achievements of three successful volumes and issues of the UJPR. Obviously, all these would not be possible without the unswerving high put-through efforts of members of the board who took a painstaking and guided constructive criticisms process in the review of accepted manuscripts, maintaining and updating UJPR’s standard. Such excellent and thorough manuscript review process is encouraged to produce a UJPR of high quality and repute among other international/world journals. The progress made thus far by our journal is un-doubtly a collective and collaborative effort by both authors and editorial board members. The provided platform for meaningful suggestions targeted at promoting our journal has immensely helped and more cutting edge suggestions and contributions are welcome until we have Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research a SCOPUS, THOMSON REUTERS, ISI and SCIMAGO indexed journal. As a follow up, in this era were research has taken a multidisciplinary approaches, involving diversified interconnected methods touching different fields, UJPR encourages board members and authors alongside their colleagues and students to submit original articles having citations of relevant literature published in UJPR in their subsequent publications.  &nbsp

EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCAEMIC, HYPOLIPIDAEMIC AND NON TOXIC EFFECT OF HYDRO-METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ZIZIPHUS MAURITIANA, ZIZIPHUS SPINA CHRISTI FRUIT AND GLIBENCLAMIDE ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

The use of plant products in the management of diabetes has gained ground in pharmacotherapy. It becomes imperative to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of fruit extracts of Ziziphus mauritiana (HMZM), Ziziphus spina christi (HMZS) and Glibenclamide on blood glucose, total protein, albumin and lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic rats. 68 albino rats weighing 70 - 130g were used in this study. 26 rats were used for acute toxicities of Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus spina christi. 42 rats of 7 groups of 6 rats each were used to test antidiabetic effects of Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus spina christi plant extracts. Group 1 served as the negative control, groups 2-7 were intraperitoneally administered 360mg/kg of alloxan in normal saline respectively. Group 2 served as positive control, groups 3 and 4; 5 and 6 were respectively administered daily dose of 200 and 400mg/kg of HMZM and HMZS, group 7 was administered 0.21mg/kg of glibenclamide. Results showed Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus spina christi non toxic at dose of 5000mg/kg. 48 hours after alloxan administration, blood glucose levels were found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in groups 2-7 compared to group 1, thus confirming induction of diabetes. In groups 3-7, on 7th and 14th days of administration of extracts and Glibenclamide, there was a significantly lower (p<0.05) serum glucose, triacylglycerol, High density Lipoprotein, Low density lipoprotein and significantly higher (P > 0.05) serum level of total protein and albumin compared to group 2. The results obtained showed a significantly lower (P < 0.05) serum level of glucose. The effects of HMZMand HMZS fruit extracts on blood glucose, total protein, albumin and lipid profile was dose dependent. Conclusively, this study has demonstrated the antidiabetic effects of HMZM and HMZS with HMZS having a more pronounced effect on Blood glucose and lipid profile. Keywords: Antidiabetic, Blood glucose, lipid profile, Glibenclamide, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus spina Christi

PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE SPECIES ISOLATED FROM URINE SAMPLES OF PATIENTS AT ALEX EKWUEME FEDERAL UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA

Aim and Objective: In hospitals and community, morbidity and mortality are attributed to urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study investigated the prevalence of multi-drug resistant isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species from urine samples of patients visiting Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AE-FUTHA), Ebonyi State. Method: With the use of standard microbiological and biochemical techniques for analysis, a total of 300 mid-stream samples of urine were collected in sterile bottles. Phynotype screening for extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production was achieved by double disc synergy test (DDST). Disc diffusion method was used to check for ESBL producing bacteria susceptible to antibiotics. With specific primers, the presence of temoniera (TEM) and sulfhydryl variable (SHV) beta lactamases genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 88 isolates of E coli and Klebsiella species were isolated from the urine samples; 29 were E coli and 59 were K. pneumonia species. 47 ESBL positive isolates were identified with E. coli, 19 (40%) and Klebsiella, 28 (60%). Escherichia coli isolated from GOPD patients, gynecology, and men's surgery ward were 100% resistant to ofloxacin, ceftazidime, amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, and aztreonam, while Klebsiella species isolated from gynecology department, maternity ward, and psychiatric ward were 100% resistant to ofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol. Multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) of E. coli and Klebsiella species isolated recorded an average of 0.64 for E. coli and 0.41 for Klebsiella species.The molecular analysis revealed that 44.4% of SHV beta lactamase and 65.6% TEM-type β-lactamase genes were present in ESBL producing E. coli while 54.5% of SHV beta lactamase gene and 45.5% TEM-type β-lactamase genes were present in ESBL producing Klebsiella species. Conlusion: In conclusion, TEM and SHV-type β-lactamase genes are the primary cause of β-lactam antibiotic resistance in E. Coli and Klebsiella species resulting in increased infections caused by organisms harboring the ESBL gene. Nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, cefalexin, and cefotaxime may be the antibiotic of choice in the treatment of UTIs.                          Peer Review History: Received: 1 January 2023; Revised: 14 February; Accepted: 7 March 2023, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIBIOGRAM PROFILES OF BIOFILM FORMING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COL

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF AQUEOUS, ETHANOL AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF FLACOURTIA INDICA LEAF AND RIPE FRUIT

Aim and Objective: Plants have been exploited over the years for their therapeutic benefits, because they contain a lot of bioactive compounds that have potentials and ability to treat or manage diseases. Thus, this study investigated the qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals in Flacourtia indica (F. indica) aqueous, ethanol and methanol leaf and ripe fruit extracts. Methods: F. indica leaf and ripe fruit were harvested from a fruiting tree in Emene, Enugu state, Nigeria, and the analyses were done following standard methods. Results: Qualitative screening revealed that tested extracts contained saponin, tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and phenol. While proteins and steroids were not detectable in aqueous and ethanol leaf and ripe fruit extracts, they were present in moderately high (++) amount and in trace amount (+) in methanol leaf extract of f. Indica. The quantitative screening comparatively revealed that concentrations of glycosides (mg/ml), flavonoids (mg/ml), alkaloids (mg/ml) and tannins (mg/ml) were higher and phenol (mg/ml) lower in ethanol leaf extract, while in the aqueous leaf extract, phenol (mg/ml) was higher; in the ethanol fruit extract, flavonoids (mg/ml) and alkaloids (mg/ml) were higher, and in the aqueous fruit extract, phenol (mg/ml) and tannin (mg/ml) were higher. Conclusion: In conclusion, quantitatively, ethanol was a better solvent of extraction than water and methanol and f. indica leaf and ripe fruit are rich sources of secondary bioactive phyto-molecules, which could be consumed for their health and therapeutic benefits.                           Peer Review History: Received: 4 September 2022; Revised: 15 October; Accepted: 6 November, Available online: 15 November 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected] Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, [email protected]  Similar Articles:   WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF JATROPHA TANJORENSIS LEAVES ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF BAPHIA NITIDA ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIU

EFFECTS OF HEATING ON PHYTONUTRIENTS IN COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF VIGNA UNIGULCULATA (BLACK EYED BEAN)

Objective: To investigate the effects of heating on phytonutrients of cooked Vigna unigulculata. Methods: The consequences of heating on V. unigulculata were investigated by phytochemical analysis (qualitatively and quantitatively), alongside analysis of proximate contents. Five phytochemicals were quantified and nutrient contents determined. Results: Results revealed that phytochemicals in raw sample were significantly (p<0.05) higher than cooked sample. Alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids in raw black-eyed bean (RBEB) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than cooked black-eyed bean (CBEB). Meanwhile, apart from crude fat content, others (carbohydrate content, ash content, protein and fiber content) of CBEB V. unigulculata were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RBEB V. unigulculata. Conclusions: Cooking by heating influenced a reduction of phytochemicals but an increase in proximate content in V. unigulculata.                   Peer Review History: Received 11 May 2021; Revised 18 June; Accepted 29 June, Available online 15 July 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah,  Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.  Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. [email protected] Dr. Nagalingam Varnakulenthiren, Siddha Medicine, Unit of Siddha Medicine, Trincomalee Campus, EUSL, Sri Lanka, [email protected] Julie Ann S. Ng, Blk 18 Lot 6 Grandville 3 Subdivision Mansilingan, Bacolod City, Philippines.  [email protected] Taha A.I. El Bassossy, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: A REVIEW: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HCN LEVEL IN CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) LEAVES HEATING EFFECT ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE CONTENTS OF COOKED AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS (KIDNEY BEANS

CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE LIVESTOCK ACQUIRED METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (LA-MRSA) ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT SWINE FARMS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Aim and Objective: Globally, livestock animals, particularly swine, calves and poultry are colonized by Livestock acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (LA-MRSA). This study was aimed at screening for multi-drug resistant in LA-MRSA strains isolated from swine from selected swine farm within Enugu metropolis. Methods: A total of 307 pig nasal swabs samples were collected, from farm A (76), farm B (116) and from C (108) in Enugu metropolis. Then within 1 hour of collection, samples were transferred to the Caritas University Microbiology Laboratory unit for bacteriological analysis using a standard microbiological isolation and identification protocol. Isolated S. aureus and LA-MRSA strain were phenol-typing screened and identified for MRSA using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with 1 μg oxacillin/30μg cefoxitin antibiotic Disc and Tetracycline Disk Test respectively. Antibiogram studies of LA-MRSA against several antibiotic discs and multiple antibiotic resistance indexes were determined. Results: Results showed overall isolation rate of 76.2 % S. aureus comprising of 90.5 %, 80.3 % and 62.9 % in Farm B, Farm A and Farm C respectively, total MRSA detection rate of 125 (40.7%) comprising Farm A 50.0 %, Farm B 46.6 %, Farm C 30.6 %.  LA-MRSA were identified in 84(27.4%) of swine with high proportion of 29(38.2 %) in Farm A followed by Farm C30(27.8%) and Farm B 25(21.6 %). LA-MRSA from Farm A Nursery: 27.3%, Weaning 0.0 %, Grower 77.0 % while Farm B Nursery 24.1 %, Weaning 0.0 %, Grower 7.3 %, finisher 100 % and Farm C Nursery 28.0 %, Grower 34.5 % and finisher 53.3 %. LA-MRSA isolates exhibited a significantly (p≤0.05) high % resistance within the range of 50-100 % against tetracycline, erythromycin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and exhibit MDR with MARI value ≥0.3 but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8 %, amikacin 100 % and imipenem 100 %. Conclusion: LA-MRSA strains increased levels of MDR phenotype suggest that the emergence of LA-MRSA in swine up keeping could be promoted through veterinary antibiotics. Thus, to prevent antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans, joint cross-examination of multi-resistant livestock acquired S. aureus, with an incorporated ‘One Health’ advancement are needed for effective curbing and control measures for LA-MRSA infections.                           Peer Review History: Received: 1 September 2022; Revised: 12 October; Accepted: 4 November, Available online: 15 November 2022 Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected] Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles:   PREVALENCE OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEME

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ESTIMATION OF ANTI OXIDANT POTENTIAL OF PHYTOSOMES FORMULATIONS OF MORINDA LUCIDA BENTH

Introduction:  Lucid morinda (L) A medium-sized evergreen tree of the Morinda genus, the Benth (M. lucida, Rubiaceae) is a tropical West African rainforest plant that is also known as the Brimstone tree. In several West African nations, it is utilized in traditional medicine to cure a variety of human ailments. Phytosomes are freshly developed herbal formulations that have superior bioavailability and effects than traditional phyto molecules or botanical extracts because they are more readily absorbed. The goals of the current study were to evaluate ethanolic leaf extract of M. lucida's phytosomes, in vitro antioxidant properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, and phytosome formation. Methods: The ethanolic plant extract and cholesterol-containing phospholipids were used to make the phytosome. The entrapment efficiency, particle size and size distribution, optical microscopic research, stability tests, and in vitro dissolution investigations were used to characterize phytosomes. Alkaloids, glycosides, sterols, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins were found by phytochemical examination. Results: The ethanolic leaf extract of M. lucida contained 0.721 mg of total phenols and 0.464 mg of total alkaloids per 100 mg. Using industry-standard procedures, the ethanolic leaf extract's in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated against the DPPH assay technique. Combining phospholipids and M. lucida can have a synergistic impact, which can be measured using the DPPH model for free radical scavenging activity. The optimised batch F10's particle size and entrapment efficiency were found to be 223.30±0.41 nm and 76.46±0.61 nm, respectively. Conclusion: It can be employed as a targeted medicine delivery system in the future for applications such as liver, brain, heart, etc. protection. The use of novel approaches rather than traditional methods for delivering herbal drugs increases the bioavailability of polar extracts and boosts patient compliance.                        Peer Review History: Received: 28 October 2022; Revised: 27 November; Accepted: 3 January 2023, Available online: 15 January 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622,  Giza, Egypt, [email protected]  Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected] Dr.  Hasniza Zaman Huri, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, [email protected] Similar Articles: NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION, CONSTITUENTS, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF POWDER FRACTIONS OF FICUS DICRANOSTYLA MILDBREAD LEAVES IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF YEMENI FAGONIA SCHWEINFURTHII HADIDI CYTOTOXIC EFFECT, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL, AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF PLEIOGYNIUM TIMORENSE SEED

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CAYLUSEA ABYSSINICA LEAVES

Introduction:  Controlling type 2 diabetes with a treatment having no side effects remains a challenge for researchers even if the side effects are reduced and there may be a chance for reduced adverse reactions or severe side effects due to drug interaction. These interactions could result from concurrent use of dietary supplements or pharmacological therapy in addition to the medications. The current reading's objective was to assess the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, and antidiabetic potentials of methanol leaf extract of Caylusea abyssinica (C. abyssinica) in diabetic rats. Methods:  The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of total alkaloids phenol, and flavonoids were determined using the well-known test procedure outlined in the literature. The obtained C. abyssinica methanol leaf extract was used to examine in vitro anti-diabetic activity (α-Amylase inhibition), oral acute toxicity, and in vivo anti-diabetic activity against streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids were all established in the samples after phytochemical examination. Results: The amount of phenolics in the methanol leaf extract was (295.50 mg/g), with flavonoids coming in second (136.66 mg/g) and alkaloids coming in third (11.23 mg/g). The extract's ability to inhibit α-amylase was investigated. The study's findings show that the chosen plants had significant in vitro anti-diabetic effect. Up to 2000 mg/kg given over 14 days, the methanol extract's acute toxicity trials did not reveal any harmful effects. Rats were given streptozotocin (60 mg/kg; i.p.) to induce diabetes, and glibenclamide (500 mcg/kg body weight) was utilized as the usual medication. Body weight, HDL, total protein, SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and triglycerides were all assessed in this study. Comparing diabetic rats to normal (control) rats, blood sugar and total protein, SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol levels, and triglyceride concentrations were all considerably (p<  0.001) reduced after oral administration of methanol extract of C. abyssinica at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and increased the level of HDL and body weight. Conclusion: As a result of the aforementioned findings, it can be said that C. abyssinica methanol leaf extract significantly reduces blood sugar levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.                       Peer Review History: Received: 5 November 2022; Revised: 11 December; Accepted: 8 January 2023, Available online: 15 January 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected] Prof. Hüsniye Kayalar, Ege University, Turkey, [email protected] Similar Articles: EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CLERODENDRUM THOMSONIAE LINN (VERBENACEAE) LEAVES ON TYPE 2 DIABETIC WISTAR RATS INDUCED BY THE MACAPOS1 TYPE DIET AND DEXAMETHASONE ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF DRACAENA CINNABARI BALF. RESIN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SOQATRA ISLAND IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EVALUATION OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA STEM BARK ON BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS, SERUM AND TISSUE LIPIDS IN A PRECLINICAL MODE