Thermal time in sprinkler-irrigated lowland rice

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos de cálculo da soma térmica e a duração das fases de desenvolvimento de arroz (Oryza sativa) de terras baixas irrigado por aspersão. O experimento foi realizado durante três anos agrícolas (2010/2011, 2011/2012 e 2014/2015), com cinco lâminas de irrigação, seis cultivares e quatro repetições. Seis métodos de cálculo da soma térmica foram avaliados: dois com a temperatura basal inferior; dois com as temperaturas basal inferior e ótima; e dois com as temperaturas basal inferior, ótima e superior. Para o cálculo da soma térmica, o ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura foi dividido nas fases vegetativa, reprodutiva e de enchimento de grãos. Os métodos que utilizaram as três temperaturas cardinais apresentaram os menores coeficientes de variação na maioria das fases de desenvolvimento. Tanto as lâminas de irrigação quanto as cultivares de arroz influenciaram a soma térmica das fases de desenvolvimento. Quanto maior é a disponibilidade hídrica, menor é a duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento. Os valores de soma térmica dependem do método de cálculo.The objective of this work was to evaluate methods of thermal time calculation and the duration of the development stages of lowland rice (Oryza sativa) irrigated by sprinkling. The experiment was conducted during three growing seasons (2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2014/2015), with five irrigation water depths, six cultivars, and four replicates. Six methods of thermal time calculation were tested: two using the minimum basal temperature; two using the minimum and optimum temperatures; and two using the minimum, optimum, and maximum basal temperatures. For the thermal time calculation, the crop development cycle was divided into the vegetative, reproductive, and grain-filling phases. The methods that used the three cardinal temperatures showed the lowest coefficients of variation for most of the developmental phases. Both irrigation water depths and rice cultivars affected the thermal time of the development stages. The greater the water availability, the lower the duration of the development cycle. Thermal time values depend on the calculation method

Cardinal temperatures for planting-emergence phase in gladiolus

<div><p>ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the cardinal temperatures for the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus. A controlled environment experiment was performed in a growth chamber in the Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, using the completely randomized experimental design with 12 temperature treatments (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C) and ten replicates. Corms of the cultivar ‘Amsterdam’ were planted at a depth of 10cm in 1.7dm3 pots. Every day the date of emergence of the gladiolus plants was observed. Then for each treatment, the emergence rate was calculated as the inverse of the duration of the budding phase, and estimated data were achieved employing the non-linear model of simulation. The lower base and upper base temperatures were identified at the non-emergence temperatures. To estimate the optimum temperature, the root of mean square error was used. Between 22 and 25ºC the planting-emergence phase was reported to be completed in a shorter time span, although the smaller root mean square error was achieved at 22.5ºC. The cardinal temperatures of the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus, lower base, optimum and upper base temperature were 5°C, 22.5°C and 35°C, respectively.</p></div

Strategies and performance of the CMS silicon tracker alignment during LHC Run 2

The strategies for and the performance of the CMS silicon tracking system alignment during the 2015–2018 data-taking period of the LHC are described. The alignment procedures during and after data taking are explained. Alignment scenarios are also derived for use in the simulation of the detector response. Systematic effects, related to intrinsic symmetries of the alignment task or to external constraints, are discussed and illustrated for different scenarios